Psychology of management

Nimbus effect
” is the impact of general impression of a person on perception and 
evaluation of particular traits of his/her personality. If employees or executive have formed a 
positive opinion of a person, his/her bad act is perceived as an incident. And a good act of person 
who is believed to be bad is also perceived as an incident. Very often this effect hinders adequate 
perceiving people and creates conditions when capable and bright individuals are completely 
unable to work in a given group because good things are not noticed, while disadvantages are 
exaggerated.
“
Sequence effect
”. The judgement of a person is influenced most of all by the information 
presented in the very beginning. Usually an ill-wisher who wants to spoil a person’s reputation 
hurries to tell a new boss something that discredits the person. At such attitudinal background it 
is difficult for a person to justify oneself and prove something. Much time will pass before the 
chief will sort the situation out and estimate who is who. 
“
Advancing effect
” is ascribing to a person non-existing merits and then facing 
disappointment after coming across his/her behavior which is inadequate to the formed positive 
opinion of the person. 
“
Effect of one’s traits projection on other people
” causes the attitude at expecting 
corresponding behavior. This effect is often manifested in people’s inability to see another 
person’s point of view, to stand in another person’s shoes, so to say. D. Carnegie stresses the 
formation of ability to see the events through another person’s eyes instead of keeping to the 
usual scheme “I wouldn’t act like this”. 
As a special kind of attitude, the phenomenon of “
attraction
” can be distinguished. 
Attraction (literally pulling up) is a kind of attitude at another person in which there prevails 
emotional component of this person’s attractiveness to others. The manifestation of attraction is 
influenced by such circumstances as similarity of partners’ characteristics in communicating, 

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closeness, frequency of their meetings, mutual assistance and appearing on this soil positive 
emotional relations. That is why attraction can be viewed as the function of emotional regulation 
of interpersonal relations in groups where affective side of interpersonal estimations 
considerably prevails over the rational side. 
Conformity
(from late Latin conformis – similar, alike) is a personality’s conscious or 
unconscious submission to the influence of the group it belongs to. The notion of conformity is 
close to the accepted by our domestic psychology notion of 
suggestibility
. We have already 
viewed the phenomenon of suggestibility exerted by a group upon an individual. But people 
succumb to this influence to various extents or don’t succumb to it at all by way of inherent 
grade of suggestibility, or conformity. From suggestion as the form of involuntary and uncritical 
accepting of another person’s opinion conformity is different in that that along with unconscious 
imitating there can also be voluntary forms of it. Conformity is a personality’s susceptibility to 
the real or imaginary influence of a group which is manifested in change of behavior and 
attitudes in accordance with the position of majority even if this position was not accepted by the 
individual previously. There are three types of conformity. 
Type I
is the 
personal spontaneous form of conformity
which develops in accordance 
with the scheme “May-bug – Thumbelina as described in H. Anderson’s fairy-tale. As it is 
known, May-bug sincerely believed Thumbelina to be very beautiful and even fell in love with 
her, but influenced by his beetles-brethren he disappointed in her, for the beetles decided that she 
was ugly being unlike a beetle. In this case, an individual displays both inner and outer 
agreement with the group without experiencing conflict of any kind.