Microsoft Word Kurzweil, Ray The Singularity Is Near doc

Trends in Biotechnology
18.9 (September 2000): 394–99. 
51.
"The notion of 'vaccinating' individuals against a neurodegenerative disorder such as Alzheimer's 
disease is a marked departure from classical thinking about mechanism and treatment, and yet 
therapeutic vaccines for both Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis have been validated in 
animal models and are in the clinic. Such approaches, however, have the potential to induce 
unwanted inflammatory responses as well as to provide benefit" (H. L. Weiner and D. J. Selkoe, 
"Inflammation and Therapeutic Vaccination in CNS Diseases," 
Nature
420.6917 [December 19–26, 
2002]: 879-84). These researchers showed that a vaccine in the form of nose drops could slow the 
brain deterioration of Alzheimer's. H. L.Weiner et al., "Nasal Administration of Amyloid-beta 
Peptide Decreases Cerebral Amyloid Burden in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease," 
Annals of 
Neurology
48.4 (October 2000): 567–79. 
52.
S. Vasan, P. Foiles, and H. Founds, "Therapeutic Potential of Breakers of Advanced Glycation End 
Product-Protein Crosslinks," 
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
419.1 (November 1, 2003): 
89–96; D. A. Kass, "Getting Better Without AGE: New Insights into the Diabetic Heart," 
Circulation Research
92.7 (April 18,2003): 704–6. 
53.
S. Graham, "Methuselah Worm Remains Energetic for Life," October 27, 2003, 
www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa003&articleID=000C601F-8711-1F99-
86FB83414B7F0156. 
54.
Ron Weiss's home page at Princeton University (http://www.princeton.edu/~rweiss) lists his 
publications, such as "Genetic Circuit Building Blocks for Cellular Computation, Communications, 
and Signal Processing," 
Natural Computing, an International Journal
2.1 (January 2003): 47–84. 
55.
S. L. Garfinkel, "Biological Computing," 
Technology Review
(May–June 2000), 
http://static.highbeam.com/t/technologyreview/may012000/biologicalcomputing. 
56.
Ibid. See also the list of current research on the MIT Media Lab Web site, 
http://www.media.mit.edu/research/index.html. 
57.
Here is one possible explanation: "In mammals, female embryos have two X-chromosomes and 
males have one. During early development in females, one of the X's and most of its genes are 
normally silenced or inactivated. That way, the amount of gene expression in males and females is 
the same. But in cloned animals, one X-chromosome is already inactivated in the donated nucleus. 
It must be reprogrammed and then later inactivated again, which introduces the possibility of 
errors." CBC News online staff, "Genetic Defects May Explain Cloning Failures," May 27, 2002, 
http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2002/05/27/cloning_errors020527. That story reports on F. Xue et al., 
"Aberrant Patterns of X Chromosome Inactivation in Bovine Clones," 
Nature Genetics
31.2 (June 
2002): 216–20. 
58.
Rick Weiss, "Clone Defects Point to Need for 2 Genetic Parents," 
Washington Post
, May 10,1999, 
http://www.gene.ch/genet/1999/Jun/msg00004.html. 
59.
A. Baguisi et al., "Production of Goats by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer," 
Nature Biotechnology
5 
(May 1999): 456–61. For more information on the partnership between Genzyme Transgenics 
Corporation, Louisiana State University, and Tufts University School of Medicine that produced 

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this work, see the April 27, 1999, press release, "Genzyme Transgenics Corporation Announces 
First Successful Cloning of Transgenic Goat," 
http://www.transgenics.com/pressreleases/pr042799.html. 
60.
Luba Vangelova, "True or False? Extinction Is Forever,"