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Now add the
old demand schedule and the
demand schedule for the new students to calculate
the new demand schedule for the entire college.
What will be the new equilibrium price and
quantity?
12. An article in
The New York Times
described a successful
marketing campaign by the French champagne industry.
The article noted that “many executives felt giddy about
the stratospheric champagne prices. But they also feared
that such sharp price increases
would cause demand to
decline, which would then cause prices to plunge.”
What mistake are the executives making in their
analysis of the situation? Illustrate your answer with
a graph.
I N T H I S C H A P T E R
Y O U W I L L . . .
A p p l y t h e c o n c e p t o f
e l a s t i c i t y i n t h r e e
v e r y d i f f e r e n t
m a r k e t s
L e a r n t h e m e a n i n g
o f t h e e l a s t i c i t y o f
s u p p l y
L e a r n t h e m e a n i n g
o f t h e e l a s t i c i t y o f
d e m a n d
E x a m i n e w h a t
d e t e r m i n e s t h e
e l a s t i c i t y o f d e m a n d
E x a m i n e w h a t
d e t e r m i n e s t h e
e l a s t i c i t y o f s u p p l y
Imagine yourself as a Kansas wheat farmer. Because
you earn all your income
from selling wheat, you devote much effort to making your land as productive as
it can be. You monitor weather and soil conditions, check your fields for pests and
disease, and study the latest advances in farm technology. You know that the more
wheat you grow, the more you will have to sell after the harvest, and the higher
will be your income and your standard of living.
One day Kansas State University announces a major discovery. Researchers in
its agronomy department have devised a new hybrid of wheat that raises the
amount farmers can produce from each acre of land by 20 percent. How should
you react to this news? Should you use the new hybrid? Does this discovery make
you better off or worse off than you were before? In this chapter we will see
that these questions can have surprising answers. The surprise will come from
E L A S T I C I T Y A N D
I T S
A P P L I C A T I O N
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applying the most basic tools of economics—supply and demand—to the market
for wheat.
The previous chapter introduced supply and demand.
In any competitive
market, such as the market for wheat, the upward-sloping supply curve represents
the behavior of sellers, and the downward-sloping demand curve represents the
behavior of buyers. The price of the good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied
and quantity demanded of the good into balance. To apply this basic analysis to
understand the impact of the agronomists’ discovery, we must first develop one
more tool: the concept of
elasticity.
Elasticity, a measure of how much buyers and
sellers respond to changes in market conditions, allows us to analyze supply and
demand with greater precision.
T H E E L A S T I C I T Y O F D E M A N D
When we discussed the determinants of demand in Chapter 4, we noted that buy-
ers usually demand more of a good when its price is lower, when their incomes are
higher, when the prices of substitutes for the good are higher, or when the prices
of complements of the good are lower. Our discussion of demand was qualitative,
not quantitative. That is, we discussed the direction in which the quantity de-
manded moves, but not the size of the change. To measure how much demand re-
sponds to changes in its determinants, economists
use the concept of
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