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Fayol
was an administrator and proposed universal principles of organisation. 

 
Taylor
was an engineer and sought the most efficient methods. 

 
Mayo
and his colleagues investigated individual and group behaviour at work as a factor in productivity. 

 
Subsequent writers
have taken a more 
flexible
view of what managers do. 

 
Drucker
emphasised the economic objective of managers in businesses. 

 
Mintzberg
described managerial roles, arguing that management is a disjointed, non-systematic activity. 

 
Supervision
is the interface between the operational core (non-managerial workers) and management. 

 
There are many different definitions of 
leadership
. Key themes (which are also used to distinguish 
leadership from management) include: interpersonal influence; securing willing commitment to shared 
goals; creating direction and energy; and an orientation to change. 

 
Key leadership skills 
may be identified in a range of interpersonal and business areas. 

 
There are three basic 
schools of leadership theory
: trait ('qualities') theories, style theories and 
contingency (including situational and functional) theories. 

 
Early theories suggested that there are certain personal qualities common to 'great men' or successful 
leaders. In other words, 
'leaders are born, not made'
. 

 
Leadership styles
are clusters of leadership behaviour that are used in different ways in different 
situations. While there are many different classifications of style, they mainly relate to the extent to 
which the leader is focused primarily on task/performance (directive behaviour) or relationships/people 
(supportive behaviour). Key style models include: 
– The