THE PRE-COLONIAL LEGACY 7
Shih Chi
contains information about events from 138 to the 90s
bce
. The author
writes that: “the Davan people lead a settled life, engage in agriculture, sowing rice
and wheat. They have grape wine. Their horses have bloody sweat and come from
the breed of heavenly horses. There are up to 70 large and small cities in Davan,
with populations reaching up to several hundred thousand. Their weapons consist
of bows with arrows and spears. They are skillful with the horse bow.”
20
The Han army, led by the commander Li Guang, twice visited Ferghana. The
first time they reached Yucheng City (Yu); the second time Li Guang attacked
Ershi—the capital of Ferghana—with a large force and, after a forty-day siege,
the inhabitants agreed to surrender horses to the Han court. Here, only two large
capital cities—Ershi and Yucheng—are mentioned.
The
Shih Chi is not free of inaccuracies. For example, its statement that the
Ferghanans and their neighbors learned how to produce (to cast) weapons from a
Chinese refugee is contradicted by much archaeological evidence. Moreover, the
Chinese source claims that when the people of Ferghana received gold and silver
from the Chinese they used it to make tableware instead of coins, when actually
they had been minting coins for centuries.
The first-century source,
Han Shu, describes events from 138
bce
until the year
23
ce
. The author of
Han Shu, Ban Gu, used the
Shih Chi information, and enriched
it with some new facts. In particular, he reported that the Davan emperor resided
at Guishuang City and that the Ferghanans used silk and varnish.
21
The next historical source, the
Hou Hanshu (fifth century
ce
), covers events
from 25 to 221
ce
, when there were clashes for leadership across East Turke-
stan. From 23
ce
Davan paid tribute to Yarkant but still recognized the supreme
power of the Han dynasty. Later, in 130
ce
the Kashgar emperor seized power
and thereafter sent his ambassador, along with envoys from Yarkant and Davan,
to the Han court.
22
In the
Bei Shi (400–600
ce
), Davan is referred to as “Lona, the ancient province
of Davan, with its imperial residence in Guishuang city.”
23
The Chinese chronicles
mention only three large cities in Ferghana: Ershi, Yucheng, and Guishuang. Some
scholars place Ershi City at Ura-Tyube; others put it at Kokand
24
and still others
at Osh,
25
but most accept Alexander Bernshtam’s placement at the Markhamat
ruins in Ming-Tepa.
Similarly, some scholars place Yucheng City somewhere
in Uzgen,
26
others on the site of the ancient settlement of Shurabashat,
27
and the
rest near Osh or Uzgen.
28
Bernshtam puts Guishuang at the ancient settlement of
Mug-Tepe (Kasan);
29
Edwin G. Pulleyblank notes that the Guishuang or Kushan
tribes renamed the capital of Davan as Guishuang.
30
Chinese sources provide only
standardized figures on population;
for Davan, as an example, “the population
consists of 60,000
families, 300,000 heads; 60,000 soldiers.”
Excavations at Eski Ahsi (Ahsiket, Ahsikent, Akhikent) and Eilatan lead us to
propose that Ershi, the ancient capital of Ferghana, was in fact Eski Ahsi.
31
The large
area of the inner city, which includes two
shakhristans; the 40-hectare citadel; the
10-hectare suburb as well as its 20-meter high walls,
32
exceed all other remains in
8 SAIDOV, ANARBAEV, GORIYACHEVA
Ferghana.
33
By the third and fourth centuries
ce
the thickness of Eski Ahsi’s walls
at the base had reached 7.5 meters.
34
Thus, during and after the two main Chinese
incursions into Ferghana, the local populace strongly reinforced its capital, working
for nearly 100 years to construct the two large walls and smaller double ditches.
The resulting defenses were formidable indeed, reaching a thickness of 20 meters
with an overall appearance of a collection of towers.
The author of the
Shih Chi notes that the second city of Ferghana, Yucheng,
was located at 200 lee (50–60 km) to the east of the main city of Ershi. The best
candidate for this site is the ancient settlement of Eilatan. It was probably destroyed
during the second Chinese campaign against Ferghana, losing its big-city status
after 90
bce
. Kasan was apparently the summer residence of the kings of Ferghana
and was called by the
same name as the main capital, Guishuang.
35
Irrigation-based farming served as the main economic activity of the Ferghana-
Davan people. The deep channel of the Uzgen-Aryk, which still exists today,
dates to this time. Large underground storage pits attest
to the productivity of
their farming.
The gracefully shaped and thin-walled ceramics of ancient Ferghana reveal some
interesting features. On the one hand, there is a big difference between the elegant
products of the urban centers and rural towns.
36
On the other hand, while the new
technologies of the best urban ceramics reveal influences from the Middle East,
the traditional regional decorations of the Chust culture (harrowed ornaments and
red-engobed color) were continued from the first to fourth centuries
ce
, suggesting
a strong capacity to assimilate new influences from abroad.
Mention has been made of the highly developed Ferghana art of viniculture.
Because it was new to them, the Chinese wrote of it in detail:
In Davan, the wine is made from grapes. The rich store up to 10 000
dan (1
dan
is more than 80 kg). The old wine can be kept for decades without deterioration.
Residents enjoy wine the way their horses enjoy the
Moussa (alfalfa) grass.
Chinese envoys exported the seeds, and the Son of Heaven issued orders for his
subjects
to plant both Moussa and grapes in rich soil.
37
Ferghana’s interactions across Eurasia intensified in ancient times. Finds of
u-
shu
coins, Chinese mirrors, basketry, bronze items, and fabric
38
testify to relations
with China. A famous mirror handle in the form of an Indian dancer
39
and two
bronze pendants from burials at Kara-Bulak and Tour-tash
40
attest to links with
India. Red-decorated vessels from the second to the fourth centuries
bc
41
reflect
Ferghana’s trade relations with the Middle East. Meanwhile, wooden utensils and
bronze cosmetic devices found in graves in Talas, Tian Shan, and Alai mountains
42
attest that the people of Ferghana had constant contact with the nomadic tribes
living in nearby mountain valleys and on the steppes.
A fourth to sixth century
ce
estate excavated at Kayragach in western Ferghana
shed light on both the art and religion of these early Ferghanans.
43
Here were found
THE PRE-COLONIAL LEGACY 9
small groups of painted alabaster statuettes—local idols and gods, which are very
specific to this historical and cultural region. All have sharply beveled foreheads,
large convex eyes, straight noses with a crook, straight eyebrows converging in
the bridge of the nose, and small mouths. The sculptures of idols and local deities
from the Kayragach estate stood in a special niche in a building of the fifth and
sixth centuries
ce
that served as a sanctuary as well as a place of worship for the
tenants. Twelve sculptures from 16 to 67 centimeters were found, all of alabaster,
with disproportionately large heads and narrow shoulders. The Kayragach sculptures
are likely portraits representing specific people, apparently respected ancestors.
N.G. Gorbunova wrote of ethnic assimilation of such diverse tribes as Sakas,
Usuni, and Kangju
44
and the gradual emergence of
a specific Ferghana people
by the fifth to seventh centuries
ce
, with its own eastern Iranian language. The
King of Ferghana bore an Iranian title
ishhid, and was connected to all the main
landowners in the villages and city-states. Starting from the time of Alexander the
Great Sogdians had colonized Ferghana, bringing with them the Sogdian spoken
and written language, based on which there could also have been a Ferghanan
writing system before the penetration of the Aramaic and then the Arabic in the
early Middle Ages.
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