The Meaning of Productivity
In a general sense,
productivity
is an economic measure of efficiency that summarizes
the value of outputs relative to the value of the inputs used to create them.
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Productivity
can be and often is assessed at different levels of analysis and in different forms.
Levels of Productivity
By
level of productivity
, we mean the units of analysis used to
calculate or define productivity. For example,
aggregate productivity
is the total level of
productivity achieved by a country.
Industry productivity
is the total productivity
achieved by all the firms in a particular industry.
Company productivity
, just as the
term suggests, is the level of productivity achieved by an individual company.
Unit and
individual productivity
refer to the productivity achieved by a unit or department within
an organization and the level of productivity attained by a single person.
Forms of Productivity
There are many different forms of productivity.
Total factor
productivity
is defined by the following formula:
Productivity
Outputs
Inputs
Total factor productivity is an overall indicator of how well an organization uses all of
its resources, such as labor, capital, materials, and energy, to create all of its products and
services. The biggest problem with total factor productivity is that all the ingredients
must be expressed in the same terms—dollars (it is difficult to add hours of labor to
number of units of a raw material in a meaningful way). Total factor productivity also
gives little insight into how things can be changed to improve productivity. Conse-
quently, most organizations find it more useful to calculate a partial productivity ratio.
Such a ratio uses only one category of resource. For example, labor productivity could
be calculated by this simple formula:
Labor productivity
Outputs
Direct Labor
This method has two advantages. First, it is not necessary to transform the units of
input into some other unit. Second, this method provides managers with specific insights
into how changing different resource inputs affects productivity. Suppose that an organi-
zation can manufacture 200 units of a particular product with 40 hours of direct labor.
The organization’s labor productivity index is 200/40, or 5 (5 units per labor hour). Now
suppose that worker efficiency is increased (through one of the ways discussed later in
this chapter) so that the same 40 hours of labor result in the manufacture of 240 units
of the product. The labor productivity index increases to 240/40, or 6 (6 units per labor
hour), and the firm can see the direct results of a specific managerial action.
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