Convenience



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Fundamentals-of-Management-8th-Edition-Ricky-Griffin-978-1285849041

F I G U R E 1 3 . 4
The Interaction Between Cohesiveness and
Performance Norms
Group cohesiveness and performance norms interact
to determine group performance. From the manager’s
perspective, high cohesiveness combined with high
performance norms comprise the best situation, and
high cohesiveness combined with low performance
norms create the worst situation. Managers who can
influence the level of cohesiveness and performance
norms can greatly improve the effectiveness of a work
group.
©
C
engage
Learning
408
Part 4:
Leading
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Formal and Informal Leadership
Most functional groups and teams have a formal leader—that is, one appointed by the
organization or chosen or elected by the members of the group. Because friendship and
interest groups are formed by the members themselves, however, any formal leader must
be elected or designated by the members. Although some groups do designate such a
leader (a softball team may elect a captain, for example), many do not. Moreover, even
when a formal leader is designated, the group or team may also look to others for lead-
ership. An
informal leader
is a person who engages in leadership activities but whose
right to do so has not been formally recognized. The formal and the informal leader in
any group or team may be the same person, or they may be different people. We noted
earlier the distinction between the task specialist and socioemotional roles within
groups. An informal leader is likely to be a person capable of carrying out both roles
effectively. If the formal leader can fulfill one role but not the other, an informal leader
often emerges to supplement the formal leader’s functions. If the formal leader can fill
neither role, one or more informal leaders may emerge to carry out both sets of
functions.
Is informal leadership desirable? In many cases, informal leaders are quite powerful
because they draw from referent or expert power. When they are working in the best
interests of the organization, they can be a tremendous asset. Notable athletes like Peyton
Manning and Abby Wambach are examples of informal leaders. However, when
informal leaders work counter to the goals of the organization, they can cause significant
difficulties. Such leaders may lower performance norms, instigate walkouts or wildcat
strikes, or otherwise disrupt the organization.
INTERPERSONAL AND INTERGROUP CONFLICT
Of course, when people work together in an organization, things do not always go
smoothly. Indeed, conflict is an inevitable element of interpersonal relationships in
organizations. In this section, we look at how conflict affects overall performance. We
also explore the causes of conflict between individuals, between groups, and between an
organization and its environment.

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