Ministry of the higher and secondary special education of the republic of uzbekistan state world languages university

particular, the issues of adequate representation of such words in various Uzbek 
dictionaries. 
The author points out that his research presents a unique analysis as the 
majority of such synonymic rows as "врач - доктор - шифокор" have not been 
investigated, and even did not enter the dictionary of synonyms of the Uzbk 
language. It is obvious that the results of this research represent a great interest 
for adjustment of lexicographic publications to the demand of time, as the 
Uzbek language, like any other modern language, is in the state of active 
borrowing, especially from English, e.g. words, which entered the vocabulary in 
the last 20 years, such as 
композитор - бастакор
,
доктор – врач – шифокор,
студент-талаба, etc. 
16
Synonymy and its codification grounds have been investigated in the 
doctoral dissertation by Siddikova I. The author points out that many problems 
related to synonymy have not been solved yet. Among these problems the author 
points out such as the gap between the theoretical and data in the sphere of 
16
Данияров Б. Х. Исследование лексической синонимии, возникшей на базе заимствований в 
современном узбекском языке, AKД, Москва ИЯ РАН, 1993 

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20 
lexical and stylistic synonymy and their lexicographic description, contradictory 
criteria in definition of synonymy, absence of exact criteria for identification of 
synonymic rows, imperfection of dictionary entries of synonymic words in 
many dictionaries, which ignore polysemy of lexico-semantic variants of the 
words, etc. All these factors bring to the situation that synonymy, being one of 
the most important types of semantic relations of words, needs further 
investigation.
17
The author considers that at present there is no universal theory of 
synonymy neither in Russian and foreign nor in Uzbek linguistics. The 
complexity in the solution of the basic issues of synonymy brought to the fact 
that a few linguists even reject the possibility of the research of synonymy. She 
claims that the conclusion of futility and inexpediency of the studies aimed at 
the definition of the essence of synonymy by such prominent linguists as 
Smirnitsky A.I., and Ullman St. is not at all grounded. 
In practice synonymy may be interpreted by some linguists in a narrow and 
broader sense: some consider them as words differentiating in some semantic 
shade, others reject the existence of synonymy in the form which is generally 
understood. Even Bloomfield L. wrote that “ … in reality there are no genuine 
synonyms”.
18
However the problems of establishing the criteria of synonymity and its 
codification status in national linguistics has not yet been finalized. 
19
By the author’s opinion, the basic criteria for establishing synonymy of 
lexical units is their common notional reference. The notion encompasses all 
sides and characteristics of the object, to which it relates. Variants expressing 
this notion in the form of linguistic signs can express either the whole of the 
information covered by the notion, or some of its parts. Another criteria in 
defining synonymy of lexical units is their interchangeability in the context.
17
Сиддикова И.А. Синонимия языка и ее кодификационные основы. АДД, Ташкент, 2012.- р. 3-4 
18
Ibidem, p.5 
19
Ibidem, p.6

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21 
Synonymic row is distinguished by the semantic amplitude of the 
oscillation with respect to the dominant of the row of synonyms with the closest 
synonyms to be the highest difference in the synonymic realization of the word. 
The synonymic row is not restricted and in certain situations includes non-
normative units, defined through normative, neutral words, making then basis of 
the literary national language.
In lexicographic practice distinguishing of synonyms and their grouping 
into synonymic rows when compiling synonymic dictionaries rests on the 
correlation of the word meaning represented in explanatory dictionaries, and 
also on the immediate observations of the speech acts represented in speech, 
that is, on numerous illustrative examples extracted from various texts. The 
objective criteria for the study and description of synonyms have been 
established, and they include as follows: 
1. Defining the common structural model of their use and similar word 
combinability, that is closeness or difference in the meanings of synonyms is 
conditioned by their distribution. In the same structural model synonyms are 
combined with the same category of words, which is the main criteria of 
synonymy.
2. Partial interchangeability in the same context represents the second 
criteria. Important characteristics are also frequency and combinability. All 
these criteria are objective, can be precisely analysed and allow to solve the 
problem of synonymy in the comprehensive way.
3. General and specific features of separate members of the SR, to define 
the differentiation of the degree of this or that feature (escalation/decrease), 
which influences the order of the placement of synonyms in the group and the 
dictionary entry. In this respect the work is one of the first in the area of General 
Linguistics in general.
20
The topic of the research by Amirova Z.O. is devoted to the synonymic 
group of the verb “to look” in English, Uzbek and Russian. When talking 
20
Ibidem, p.9-11 

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22 
about synonyms of the word ‘to look’ in English, Uzbek and Russian we 
should first look at how definitions differ of the equivalent verb in these 
languages, because in English and Russian the meaning of the verb is wider, 
wider in Uzbek it is narower. The auhor points out that the basic meaning ‘to 
direct your eyes in order to see’ coincides in all three languages «qaramoq 
(biror kimga yoki biror nimaga), «направлять взгляд, чтобы увидеть кого-
либо, что-нибудь, глядеть», but derivative meanings do not. They coincide 
only in two languages or do not coincide at all. And again structure of 
dictionaries differs — in the Uzbek dictionary meanings are very 
generalised — there are mentioned 4 to 5, but in English dictionaries they are 
from 6 to 12 meanings. 
For example, in English one of derivative meanings of this verb is «to 
hope for, want or actively plan a course of action, or to hope someone will act 
in the way mentioned» which it does not have at all in Uzbek or Russian. ‘To 
look’ meaning ‘to show in appearance, to seem or appear to be from facts or 
information’ coincides with Russian «смотреть(ся)» in the meaning «иметь 
какой-нибудь вид», but in Russian it is used more in colloquial speech. 
Compare English 
to look well
and Russian 
смотреть молодцом.
In Russian 
«to look» meaning «иметь попечение, заботиться» — 
смотреть за 
детьми
— does not have equivalent meaning in English «to look», but in the 
word combination ‘to look after smb’, or and Uzbek «qaramoq». The 
differences in usage are conditioned by the differences in structure of 
languages. Important is the fact that English is analytical language, Uzbek and 
Russian is syntactical. In all the languages synonyms are expressing the ways 
of looking- very attentively- 
to
eye,
to
scrutinise,boqmoq, всматриваться
; 
firmly- 
to
stare,
to
gaze,
tikilmoq, смотреть в упор, не отрывать глаз
; 
furtively- 
to
peek to
peep,
mo’ralamoq
(mo’ralab
qaramoq), взглядывать, 
поглядывать
; with anger- 
сверлить глазами
; with love- 
to
ogle
etc. 
English synonyms dictionary provides only some informal words and 
one slangism. There are also many different ways of looking, but they are 

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23 
different from those in Russian synonyms’ dictionary. For example, 
to look
with continued attention- 
to contemplate
, to watch carefully-
to eye
, to stare 
with open mouth — 
to gape,
to look steadily and intently- 
to gaze,
to look 
quickly-
to glance,
to look with eyes partially closed- 
to squint
, to look 
lovingly- 
to ogle
, to stare with wide-open eyes- 
to goggle
, etc. in synonym line 
are included synonyms of 'to look' meaning 'to search' and 'to examine'-
consider, examine, inspect, read, scan, scrutinize, study.
Also are mentioned 
synonyms of 'to look' meaning 'to appear to be'- 
seem, appear,
'to be turned in