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Part II
Developmental Theory in Overview
understand the changes imposed on them when families undergo con-
flict and change. They are similarly the structures within which a child’s
capacity to be interviewed must be understood. But these structures
must never be understood as existing independent of the child’s concur-
rent social, emotional, linguistic, and physical development, nor as
developing independent of the larger context we call family.
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT VERSUS IQ
In developmental psychology, the study of cognitive development gener-
ally includes the growth of thinking processes and the understanding
of the rules that govern the physical world in which we live. By contrast,
intelligence
is a theoretical construct within the superordinate concept
of cognition that intends to capture the individual’s innate capacity for
learning. Instruments have been standardized and validated with which
to assess intelligence in the form of an intelligence quotient, or IQ. The
informed reader is careful to neither confuse IQ with the larger concept
of cognition, nor to mistake IQ as necessarily fully and validly represent-
ing an individual’s intelligence. As the prior chapters have illustrated,
we must always be wary of the measurement instrument’s reliability
and validity, as well as person-specific variables such as the test-taker’s
motivation, fatigue, and rapport with the test administrator (Cron-
bach & Meehl, 1955).
The most commonly used childhood IQ measurement tool is the
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV; Wechsler, 2003).
This instrument provides a single composite Full Scale IQ score and
multiple subtest scores allowing discussion not only of a child’s overall
intelligence, but of the child’s relative intellectual strengths and weak-
nesses.
1
The WISC-IV has established strong reliability and validity
(Williams, Weiss, & Rolfhus, 2003).
Achievement must be differentiated from intelligence as one further
aspect of cognition. Achievement refers to the individual’s relative suc-
cess in acquiring information, especially with regard to academic prog-
ress. A wide variety of individually administered and group-
administered achievement tests are currently in use, some quite nar-
rowly defined and others explicitly designed for financial, legal, and
political purposes, as under the No Child Left Behind (2001; Public
Law 107-110) legislation.
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