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Part III
Topics in Separation, Visitation, and Reunification
At one developmental extreme, it is obvious that infants are incapa-
ble of understanding explanations that otherwise justify a parent’s ab-
sence and make sense to our adult ears. As long as the child’s verbal
comprehension remains primitive and cognitive functioning remains
entirely me-here-now, the distinctions among “Mommy’s in prison”
and “Mommy’s in the hospital” and “Mommy’s in Iraq” are meaningless.
The infant who once had a relationship with the absent caregiver will
grieve the absence no matter its cause, his or her internal working
model of the absent parent eroding to the point that that parent is likely
to be greeted upon his or her return as a stranger. “[W]hen there
is less frequent contact due to geographical distance, there will be a
weakening of the emotional relationship with the young child. If there
is an interstate separation from an infant, it may have the effect of
extinguishing the attachment bond with the noncustodial parent” (Aus-
tin, 2000a, p. 197).
At the other developmental extreme, a globally mature teenager
will understand the differences between absence of one kind versus
another and, armed with sophisticated verbal, cognitive, social, and
emotional coping tools, fortified with transitional objects and high tech
interim media communications, he or she will maintain the absent
parent’s emotional presence and tolerate the absence much longer.
Seapartion can take its toll even on this impressive teenager, however,
sooner or later resulting in a similar process of grief and mourning
(Bowlby, 1973; Snyder, 2005). After a long enough period, the reason
for the absence will matter as little to the sophisticated teen as it does
to the infant.
Although the duration of this path toward grief will differ by child
and circumstance, the landmarks along the way are likely to be quite
similar. No matter whether the parent is in prison, the intensive care
unit, or at war, children’s responses vacillate between sadness and anger
and indifference. No matter how much the child seems to understand,
no matter how much the child denies or minimizes or rationalizes the
loss (“That’s okay, my friends are all that matter to me”), at some level
he is likely to blame himself for the separation (Feiring, Simon, &
Cleland, 2009; Buehler, Lange, & Franck, 2007). Unrecognized and
unremedied, self-blame can deteriorate into clinically significant inter-
nalizing (e.g., depression and/or anxiety) and externalizing (e.g., aggres-
sive and/or destructive) behaviors (Fosco & Grych, 2008).
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