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Part II
Developmental Theory in Overview
cally demanded that the answer had nothing to do with her parenting or
the mother–daughter relationship, but that the child should be medicated.
15. Although many people have significant cognitive deficits of unknown
causes and up to 50% of those with any identified cause have multiple
causes (Luckasson et al., 1992).
16. Nisbett (2009) provides an intriguing and simple table illustrating the
relation among child and parent and sibling IQs raised together and apart.
He asserts that the correlation between a child’s IQ and the average of
his or parents’ IQs when raised together is .50.
17. See also http://www.healthfinder.gov/orgs/hr2906.htm
18. Keeping in mind the false positive impressions associated with mimicry
and coaching as discussed in chapter 4.
19. Miniscalco, Nygren, Hagberg, Kadesjo, and Gillberg (2006, p. 361) more
specifically find that “children in the general population who screen
positive for speech and language problems before age 3 years appear to
be at very high risk of autism spectrum disorders or ADHD, or both, at
7 years of age. Remaining language problems at age 6 years strongly
predict the presence of neuropsychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders
at age 7 years.”
20. Familiar and most dramatic is Helen Keller’s story: Because she was
mute, her family inferred that she understood nothing and was severely
cognitively impaired.
21. Learn more at http://www.selectivemutism.org/ or read Hayden’s fasci-
nating account in
Twilight Children: Three Voices No One Heard Until a
Therapist Listened
(2005, New York: HarperCollins)
22. One blogger presents this discussion eloquently: “So there you have
it
…
whether your child has ’Einstein syndrome’ or Down syndrome
…
ex-
pect great things from your child, pretend he has ’Einstein syndrome,’
show him your excitement with each new achievement, and he will
surprise you with the things he can do and learn. He will probably
even teach you a few things” Retrieved January 3, 2009, from http://
www.about-down-syndrome.com/einstein-syndrome.html
23. Formerly known as “epileptic aphasia;” learn more at: http://www.nidcd.
nih.gov/health/voice/landklfs.htm
24. The Literacy Trust provides an excellent and concise summary of language
learning milestones and relevant developmental variables at http://
www.literacytrust.org.uk/research/earlylanguage.html
25. That is, errors of meaning as opposed to errors of articulation. The latter—
including stutter, stammer, lisp, and those articulation errors attributable
to physical deformity, neurological differences and/or impaired motor
control—will not be addressed in this text. The interested reader is di-
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