197
I I ova
1-jadval
Ba
’zi k im y o v iy e le m en tla rn in g ya x litla n g a n
n isb iy atom m a ssa la ri (Ar)
Element
Kimi-
yoviy
belgisi
Ar
Element
Kimi-
yoviy
belgisi
Ar
Element
Kimi-
yoviy
belgisi
Ar
Azot
14
Kaliy
К
39
Rubidiy
Rb
85,5
Aluminiy
AI
27
Kalsiy
Ca
40
Qo‘rg‘oshin
Pb
207
Argon
Ar
40
Kislorod
О
16
Selen
Se
79
В airy
Ba
137 Kobal't
Co
59
Oltingugurt
S
32
Berilliy
Be
9
Kremniy
Si
29
Kumush
Ag
108
Bor
В
II
Kripton
Kr
84
Skandiy
Sc
45
Brom
Br
80
Ksenon
Xe
131 Stronsiy
Sr
88
Vanadiy
V
51
Lantan
La
139 Surma
Sh
122
Vismut
Bi
209 Litiy
Li
7
Talliy
Ti
204
Vodorod
H
I
MaRniy
Mg
•24
Tantal
Та
181
Volfram
W
184 Marganes
Mn
55
Tellur
Те
128
Galliy
Ga
70
Mis
CH
64
Titan
Ti
48
Gafhiy
Hf
179 Molibden
Mo
96
Uglerod
С
12
Geliy
He
4
Mishyak
As
75
Uran
u
238
Germaniy
Ge
73
Natriy
Na
23
Fosfor
P
31
Temir
Fe
56
Neon
Ne
20
Ftor
F
19
Oltin
AU
194 Nikel
Ni
59
Xlor
Cl
35,5
Indiy
In
115 Niobiy
Nb
93
Xrom
Cr
52
Yod
I
127 Qalay
Sh
119 Seziy
Cs
133
Ittriy
Y
89
Platina
Pt
195 Rux
Zn
65
Kadmiy
Cd
112
Simob
Hg
201
Sirkoniy
Zr
91
198
2-jadval
E lem en tla rn in g n isb iy elek tro m a n /iylik la ri
Davdar
I
guruh
n
guruh
m
guruh
IV
guruh
V
guruh
VI
guruh
vn
guruh
vm
guruh
vm
guruh
vm
guruh
1
H
2.10
He
2
Li
0,97
Be
1
Л П
В
2,01
С
2,50
N
3,07
0
i SO
F
4.10
3
Na
1,01
M g
1,23
AI
1,47
Si
1,74
P
2,1
S
2 ,6
Cl
2,83
Ar
4
К
0,9
Ca
1,04
Sc
1,20
Ti
1,32
V
1,45
Cr
1,56
Mn
1,60
Fc
1,64
Co
1,70
Ni
1,75
CH
1
7S
Zn
1,66
Ga
1.82
Oe
2.02
As
2 .2 0
Se
2.48
Br
9.74
Kr
5
Rb
0.89
Sr
0 99
Y
1
.
Zr
1
?,?,
Nb
1,23
Mo
1 30
Tc
1.36
Ru
1 A1
Ph
1
/К
Pd
1.35
Ag
1,42
Cd
1 46
In
1.49
Sn
1 77
Sh
1 ,8 2
Tc
2.01
I
2.21
Xe
6
Cs
0,86
Ba
0,97
*
Hf
1.23
Та
1,33
w
1,40
Re
1,46
Os
1
i?
lr
1
H5
Pt
1 44
An
1.42
№
Ti
1
Л Л
Pb
1.65
BI
1,67
Po
1.67
At
1.90
Rn
7
Fr
Ra
**
* Lantanoidlar: 1,08-1,44
* * Aktinoidlar: 1,00 - 1,20
199
3 —ja d v a l
T uzlarning tu rli tem p era tu ra la rd a eru vch an ligi
(100 g suvda eriydig a n m o d d a n in g g ra m m la ri h isobida)
t°,C
NaCl
NaNO,
Na
2
S04.
IOH
2
O
KNO
3
К
2
СГ
2
О
7
(NH4)
S 0
4
}u S 0
4
5HjO
0
35,5
72,7
4,5
13,1
4,68
70,1
15,5
10
35,7
79,9
9,6
21,2
7,75
72,7
15,1
20
35,9
87,6
19,2
31,6
12,48
75,4
19,4
25
36,0
91,6
27,9
37,9
15,0
76,9
22,3
30
36,1
96,1
40,8
46,0
18,2
78,1
24,4
40
36,4
104,9
48,4
63,9
25,9
81,2
30,5
50
36,8
114,1
46,6
85,5
84,3
37,6
60
37,2
124,7
45,3
110,1
45,56
87,0
46,3
70
37,5
-
44,1
137,5
-
90,6
56,8
80
38,1
149,0
43,3
108,8
' 73,1
94,1
69,7
90
38,7
42,7
204,9
-
97,8
86,0
100
39,4
176,0
42,3
243,6
100,0
102,0
107,1
200
K islota va ish qo r eritm a larin in g
zich lig i va m assa u lushi co(l5°С da)
4 —jadval
W (%)
Eritaiii zichligi, g/snr*
H ,S 04
UNO,
HCI
CI-I,COOH
KOH
NaOH
....Ш к ...
4
1,027
1.022
1,019
1,005
1,033
1,046
0,983
8
1,055
1,044
1.039
1,011
1.065
1,092
0,967
12
1.083
1.068
1,059
1.017
1,100
1,137
0,953
16
1,112
1,093
1,079
1,023
1Д37
1,181
0,939
20
1.143
1,119
1,100
1.028
1,176
1,176
0,926
24
1,174
1,145
1,121
1,034
1Д17
1368
0,913
28
1,205
1,171
1,142
1,039
1263
1310
0,903
32
1.238
1.198
1,163
1.044
1310
1352
0,893
36
1,273
1,225
1,183
1,048
.1358
1395
0,884
-10
1.307
1351
•
1.052
1,411
1,437
-
44
1,342
1,277
1,056
1,460
1,478
-
48
1.380
1303
-
1,060
1,511
1,519
-
52
1,419
1328
•
1,063
1,564
1,560
-
56
1,460
1^51
1,066
1,616
1,601
-
60
1.503
1373
-
1.069
-
1,643
-
64
1,547
1394
1,071
-
-
72
1.640
1,429
-
1.074
-
-
76
1,687
1,445
-
1,075
-
80
1.732
1.460
-
1.076
-
84
1,776
1,474
-
1,074
-
-
-
88
1,808
1,486
-
1,073
•
-
-
201
F O Y D A L A N IL G A N A D A B IY O T L A R
A sosiy a d a b iyo tla r
1 R.Avezov, M.R. Avezov. Qiaqarlikimiyo. “ О ‘ qituvchi’’nashnyoti, 1973.
2. N osirovl. Achoiboti kimyo. N ashnyoti “Irfon”, 1986.
3 V alibekov I V. M o 'jizah o i kimyo. N ashnyoti “M aorif” , 1986.
4 Y usupovM . Sayri olami rangho. N ashriyoti “Irfon” , 1985.
5 О паловский А.А. П лан ета Зем ля глазам и хим ика. М осква,
“ Н а у к а ” , 1990.
6. Ю дин А.М. Х им ия в наш ем доме. М осква, “Х и м и я ” , 1989.
7. Г о ф м а н К. М о ж н о л и с д е л а т ь з о л о т о ? Л е н и н г р а д ,
“ Х и м и я” , 1987.
8 Ж у р н а л Х и м и я и ж и з н ь ” , N13 , 1965.
9 Ш к у р к о М .И . З а н и м а т е л ь н ы е о п ы т ы п о х и м и и . Н а р о д н а я
а с в е т а ” , 1968.
10. Ч е р т к о в Ч .Н , Ж у к о в П .Н . Х и м и ч е с к и й э к с п е р и м е н т с
м а л ы м к о л и ч е с т в о м р е а к т и в о в . М о с к в а . П р о с в е щ е н и е ” ,
1989.
11. A xm erov К., Ikrom ov A. M aishiy kimyo. Toshkent, “ 0 ‘zbekiston” ,
1984.
12.
Д о б р о в о л ь с к и й
В .В .
Х и м и я
З е м л и .
М о с к в а ,
“ П р о с в ещ е н и е ” , 1988.
13. Ш к у р к о Д. З а б а в н а я х и м и я . Л е н и н г р а д , “ Д е т с к а я
л и т е р а т у р а ” , 1976.
14. Ф е д о р о в -Д а в ы д о в Г А. М о н е ты - с в и д и т е л и п р о ш л о го .
М о сква, М Г У , 1985.
202
s o
z b o s h i
M U N D A R1JA
3
1. QIZIQARI.l TAJRIBALAR.
LLINDIKATORLAR RANGI O'ZGARISHLARI BILAN
BORADIGAN TAJRIBALAR
I.I I. R asm nm gpaydobo‘lishivayo‘qolishi........................................................................4
I.I.2. Purkagichxatyozadivao‘chiradi ............................................................................... 5
1. 1.3. В ir b utilkadan oddiy su v va anor s u v i.........................................................................5
1.1.4. N egako‘kgulqizaradi?................................................................................................... 6
L2. MODDA RANGI O ZGARISHI BILAN BORADIGAN TAJRIBALAR
1.2.1. “Alkimyoviy oltin” hosil q ilish .....................................................................................7
1.2.2.Negaoqqandqoraydi ?
8
1.2.3.”Suv”m ng“qon”.gaaylanishi....................................................................................... 9
12 4 Mis chiqadigan kumush ta n g a.......................................................................................9
1.2.5. Suvdan “ sut” hosil qilish............................................................................................. 10
1.2.6. K o 'k d a n q o ra , qoradanyana ко ‘ к rang paydo q ilish..........................................11
1.2.7. N egarasm ikki xilrangdapaydo b o ‘la d i................................................................. 11
1.2.8. К о ‘krangli kristallardanjigar rang eritm a.............................................................12
1.2.9 Rangsizmoddadan ko ‘k nuigli eritm a.................................................................... 13
1.2.10. Sarg'ish moddadan yashil e n tm a ...........................................................................13
1.2.11. Pushtieritmadan ко‘k eritm a....................................................................................14
1.2.12. Suvkatalizator........................................................................................................... 15
1.2.13. Sehrlixat..................................................................................................................... 16
1.2.14. N eg ay o zu v o ‘chadi?...............................................................................................17
203
1.3. YONISH BILAN AM ALGA OSHADIGAN TAJRIBALAR
1.3.1 Tem iryonadi!..............................................................................................................18
1.3.2. Ignaqandayyonadi?.................................................................................................. 18
1.3.3 ' ‘ Su v ” gulxanni
у
ondiradi!........................................................................................19
1.3.4. N eg aq o g ‘ozyom b ketdi?.........................................................................................20
1.3.5. Nega shisha tayoqchayondi?......................................................................................21
1.3.6. Yonuvchi qor................................................................................................................. 21
1.3.7. Sehrli o ‘tolish...............................................................................................................22
1.3.8.“Qorailon ”
23
1.3.9..Fir'avniloni....................................................................................................................23
1.3.10. AJuminiyningyonishi................................................................................................ 25
1.3.11. Suv aiumiim ni у ondiradi.........................................................................................25
1.3.12. Suv oltingugurtniyondiiadi..................................................................................... 26
1.3.13. Suv arramay dani yondiradi....................................................................................... 26
1.3.14 Tayoqcha “suv” ni yondiradi....................................................................................27
1.3.15. Yonmaydigan paxta................................................................................................... 27
1.3.16. Yonmaydigan qo‘lro‘molcha...................................................................................28
1.3.17. Yonmaydigan ip......................................................................................................... 28
1.3.18.
Metall suvda
у
onadi
........................................................................................
29
1.3.19.0 ‘ymgatushuvchiko‘m ir..........................................................................................29
1.3.20. ()sh tiw kerosin o 'm id a............................................................................................ 30
1.4. PORTLASH BILAN SODIR BO ‘ LADIGAN TAJRIBALAR
1.4.1, Stolda portlash............................................................................................................... 31
1.4.2, Qog‘ozpoitlaydi............................................................................................................31
1.4.3. Stolustidavulqon.........................................................................................................32
1.4.4. Suvostidamushakbozlik.............................................................................................. 33
204
1.5. GAZLAR ISHTTOOKIDA BOLADIGAN TAJRIBALAR
1.5.1.0 ‘tsiztutun................................................................................................................... 35
1.5.2. N e g a s h a m la r o 'e h a d i........................................................................................
36
1.5.3. Nega su v y u q o n g a k o ‘tariladi?................................................................................ 36
1.5.4. I uxumxo'r grafm........................................................................................................ 37
1.5.5. Suvnipuflab loyqalantirish.........................................................................................38
1.5.7. Olovsochuvchiajdar...................................................................................................40
1.6. MODDA HOLATI 0 ‘ZGARISHI BILAN BORADIGAN TAJR1BALAR
1.6.1. Kumush ко‘zgu............................................................................................................ 41
1.6.2. Saratonda suvni muzlaUsh.......................................................................................... 42
1.6.3. Sun'iv sovuqlikhosil qilish........................................................................................ 42
1 6.4. Kimiyogarbog‘i........................................................................................................... 43
1 6.5. Muzlash natij asida issiqlik chiqishi............................................................................ 44
1.7. MODDA ZICHLIGIGA B O G L JQ BO LGAN TAJRIBALAR
17.1. Bajaraolasizmi?.......................................................................................................... 45
1.7.2. Suvga botm&stuxum.................................................................................................. 45
П. BILASIZMI ?
2.1 Kimyo fani tarixi to ‘ g ‘risida bilasizmi ?.................................................................... 47
2.3. Ishqonym etallarto‘g‘n sid ab ilasizm i....................................................................... 52
2.4. Benlliy, magniy va ishqoriy-yer metallari to ‘g ‘risida bilasizmi?.............................54
2.5. B orva aluminiy to 'g ‘risidabilasi/m i ’........................................................................55
2.7. Azot va fosfor to ‘ g‘risida bilasizmi?........................................................................... 58
205
2.8 Kislorod va ozon to ‘g ‘risida bilasizmi?......................................................................60
2.9. Oltingugurt to‘g ‘risidabilasizmi ?...............................................................................61
2 10. Galogenlarlarto‘g ‘risida bilasizmi ?......................................................................... 62
2 11. Asil gazlar to ‘g ‘risida bilasizmi ?.............................................................................. 64
2.12. Tem irto‘g ‘risidabilasizmi ? ......................................................................................65
2.13. D .l M endeleyevningdavny qonuni va davriy sistem asi to ‘ grisida
bilasizmi ? ......................................................................................................................... 66
2.14. H a v o to ‘g ‘nsidabilasizm i ?.......................................................................................67
2.15 S u v to ‘g ‘nsidabilasizmi ? .......................................................................................... 68
2.16. Radioaktivlik to ‘ g ‘ nsida bilasizmi ? ..........................................................................70
2.17. Yonish to‘g ‘risidabilasizmi ? ..................................................................................... 71
2.18. Oksidlarva asoslarto‘g ‘risida bilasizmi ? ................................................................. 71
2.19. Kislotalarto‘g‘risida bilasizmi ? .................................................................................. 72
2.20. Tuzlar to‘g‘nsida bilasizmi ? ....................................................................................... 73
2.21. Organik birikmalar to‘g‘risida bilasizm i?.................................................................75
Ш . K IM Y O V IY V IK T O R IN A L A R
77
IV. K I M \O V I \ INSSENIROVKALAR
4.1. Kimyoviy hodisalarto‘g ‘n sida.................................................................................... 86
4.2. Bog'dodlik donishm and............................................................................................... 90
4.3. Tuzlai gidi4)lizi to ‘g"iisida............................................................................................ 92
4.4. O haktosh va uning m ahsulotlanga oid tajnbalar................................................... 97
V..KIM YOVIY T O PISH M O Q L AR
............................................................................106
VL K IM Y O V IY CHA Y NV O RD VA K R O S S V O R D L A R
126
206
VIL FOYDAII MASLAHATLAR
7 i . D og‘lamiketkazish usullan...................................................................................... 140
7.2. Kimyo inson xizmatida.............................................................................................147
7.3. Kimyo laboratory iLsida xavfsizlik texrukasi......................................................... 152
7 .4 .1 .aboratoriyada binnchi yordam k o ‘rsatish............................................................ 154
MIL VIKTORINA. KIM Y ()\ I \ I ()PISH M ()Q .( H AVIN\ ()R 1 )\ A KROSSVORD
SAVOLLARINING JAVOBLARI
8 . 1. Viktorina javoblari.....................................................................................................155
8.2. Kimyoviy topishmoqlar javoblari...........................................................................175
8.3. Kimyoviy chaynvord vakrossvord javoblari.........................................................196
Ilova......................................................................................................................................198
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar.................................................................................................202
T.Do‘stmurodov, A.Aloviddinov
QIZIQARLI KIMYO
« A k a d e m iy a » n a s h r iy o ti
T o s h k e n t 2ПП5
M u h a r r i r B .U m a r o v
D iz a y n e r R .S u lto n o v
M u s a h h ih G .A b d u lla y e v a
T e x n i k m u h a r r i r N .Q u r b o n o v a
N a s h r u c h u n m a s ’u l
Sh.G'amyev
Terishga berildi 06.12.05. Bosishga ruhsat etildi 20.12.05.
Bichimi 60x84 V 16. Ofset bosma. Shartli bosma tabog'i 12,4.
Nashriyot bosma tabog'i 12,4- 8-sonli buyurtma.
Adadi 1000. Bahosi shartnorna asosida.
Kitob matni “ К О ' 1II-NUR” MCHJ bosmaxonasida bosildi.
Toshkent sh. Muqimiy, 178.
“ K U R O -PR IN T’ m as’uliyati cheklangan jamiyati,
X. D o'stligi shoh ko'chasi, 28.
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