Diagnostic classification: current dilemmas and possible solutions
Table 35.1
Some issues in current
classification.
Problem
Example
DSM-5 proposal
Unvalidated
distinctions
Autism-related
conditions
Severity
dimensions
within one
autism
spectrum
Gender/age
adjustment
Adult ADHD
Child PTSD
New
age-specific
criteria
Frequent
comorbidity
Irritability
Cross-cutting
dimensions
Many
categories
Anxiety-based
disorders
Superordinate
clustering
Heterogeneity
within
categories
Self-harm
New category of
non-suicidal
self-injury
NOS
categories
Paediatric
bipolar
disorder
New condition
of temper
dysregulation
ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; DSM-5,
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disor-
ders, 5th edition
(draft); PTSD, post-traumatic stress
disorder.
referral. The symptom of irritability, however, is
a feature of several different disorders. In order
to do justice to the problems of children with
intense and volatile moods, the proposal has been
made that the diagnosis of bipolar disorder should
be expanded in children, to include non-episodic
states of angry outbursts, not necessarily accom-
panied by euphoria [7]. The result, however, has
been a disquietingly large increase in the rates of
diagnosis and in the prescription of neuroleptics
and mood stabilizers. The issue has become highly
controversial. DSM-IV allowed this expansion of
diagnosis, partly because the wording of items was
not adapted to children, and partly because the
subcategory of ‘not otherwise specified’ allows
bipolar disorder to be diagnosed even in the
absence of defining criteria.
The draft of DSM-5 therefore proposes a new
disorder: ‘temper dysregulation disorder with dys-
phoria’. This is intended to provide a conceptual
home for severely affected children who combine
a persistent mood of misery or anger with very
marked irritable outbursts. There is some empirical
support for such a category, for instance in the ten-
dency of the condition to persist in the same form
over time, and neuroimaging distinctions between
children with ‘severe mood dysregulation’ and
those with classic bipolar disorder. Nevertheless,
such a category may prove to have disadvantages.
It will usually coexist with other conditions (e.g.
oppositional disorder, depression or dysthymia). It
does not yet meet all the stringent requirements for
a new disorder. The name of ‘temper dysregula-
tion’ could invite a pathologizing of normal childish
tempers – even though the criteria of the new dis-
order are written to describe only a high level of
severity. Field trials will therefore be very useful to
assess the robustness of the new diagnosis in prac-
tice and its knock-on effect on other conditions.
There is a general issue of how to deal with
common symptoms that cut across existing diag-
nostic categories. My own view is that this is best
dealt with by the use of cross-cutting dimensions
that allow the clinician to describe not only the
presence but also the severity of clinical problems
such as irritability, anxiety and social impairment.
It remains to be seen how far, and in what way
the revised DSM will cope with this. Such a revi-
sion could be a significant advance in the concepts
available to clinicians.
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