×North America –
Shimoliy Amerika
×
South America –
Janubiy Amerika
×North Korea –
Shimoliy Koreya
×South Korea –
Janubiy Koreya
Mustasno holat:
The
North of America
- Amerikaning shimoli
The
South of America
- Amerikaning janubi
The North of Korea
- Koreyaning shimoli
The
South of Korea
- Koreyaning janubi
Bundan tashqari,
tomon nomiga -ern qo’shimchasi qo’shilganda, ular oldidan
artikllar qo’llanilmaydi:
×West
ern
Europe – G’arbiy Yevropa
×East
ern
Asia – Sharqiy Osiyo
×North
ern
Uzbekistan – Shimoliy O’zbekiston
Bundan tashqari,
tomon nomlari “from… to” (-dan…-gacha) predlogi bilan
kelsa, ular oldidan artikllar qo’llanilmaydi:
From
×North
to
×South – Shimoldan janubga qadar
From
×East
to
×West – Sharqdan g’arbga qadar
NOTE:
Umuman “From… to” birikmasi bilan kelgan otlar oldidan artikllar
qo’llanilmaydi:
From ×beginning to ×end -
Boshdan oxirigacha
From ×head to ×feet -
Boshdan oyoq
From ×hand to ×mouth -
Zo’rg’a, arang
28)
Dunyo okeanlari, dengizlar, daryolar va kanallar nomlari oldidan ”the”
aniq artikli qo’llaniladi:
The Pacific Ocean -
Tinch okeani
The
Black sea -
Qora dengiz
The
Volga -
Volga daryosi
The British channe l -
La-mansh bo’g’ozi
The Panama Canal -
Panama kanali
The
Suer canal –
Suer kanali
29)
Ko’l nomlari oldidan “lake” so’zi kelsa, ular oldidan artikllar
qo’llanilmaydi:
10
Lake ×Baikal Lake ×Tahoe Lake ×Ladoga
Ammo,
“lake” so’zi kelmagan va ko’plikdagi ko’llar nomi oldidan “the” aniq
artikli qo’llaniladi:
The Baikal The Tahoe The Ladoga
The Great Lakes -
Buyuk ko’llar
30)
Bo’g’oz va ko’rfaz nomlari oldidan “the” artikli artikli qo’llaniladi:
The Bering strait The Persian gulf
The Magellan strait The Mexico gulf
The British channel The Bosfore gulf
Ammo,
qo’ltiq nomlari oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
×Autson Bay –
Autson qo’ltig’i
31)
Yarim orollar nomi oldidan “the” aniq artikli qo’llaniladi:
The Indian Peninsula-
Hindiston yarim oroli
The Arabian Peninsula-
Arabiston yarim oroli
32)
Tog’ tizmalari nomi oldidan “the” aniq artikli qo’llaniladi:
The Alps The Pamirs
The Ands The Tyanshans
The Himalayas The Rokies (= the Rocky mountains)
Ammo,
yakka tog’ va tog’ cho’qqilari nomi oldidan artikllar qo’llanilmaydi:
Mount ×Fuji Peak ×Everest
Mount ×Klimanjaro Peak ×Elburses
Mount ×Ethna Peak ×Ben Nevis
Mount ×Vernon
Mount ×Rushmore
33)
Kichkina, mayda orolchalardan tashkil topgan orol nomlari oldidan “the”
aniq artikli qo’llaniladi:
The British Isles:
1- England 3- Scotland
2- Irland 4- Wells
The Hawaii The West Indies
The Bahamas The Sceyshells
The Ozores The Kurills
Ammo,
yaxlit bir orol nomlari oldidan artikllar qo’llanilmaydi:
×Madagascar × Sicily ×Greenland
×Creat × Iceland ×New Zealand
34)
Cho’l va sahro nomlari oldidan “the” aniq artikli qo’llaniladi:
The Sahara The Kizilkum desert
The Gobi The Karakum desert
35)
Sharsharalar nomi oldidan “the” aniq artikli qo’llaniladi:
The Niagara waterfall The Victoria waterfall
36)
Yil nomlari ko’plikda butun bir o’n yillik davrni ifodalab kelsa, ular oldidan
“the” aniq artikli qo’llaniladi:
Singular:
Plural:
11
1910
1930
1940
Mark Twain died in 1910 – Mark
Tvin 1910-yili vafot etgan
The
1910
s
(11, 12, 13…, 18, 19, 20)
The
1930
s
The
1940
s
The
Second World war took place in
the 1940
s –
Ikkinchi jahon urushi 1940-
yillarda bo’lib o’tgan
37)
Ikki yoki undan ortiq so’zdan tashkil topgan davlat nomlari oldidan “the”
aniq artikli qo’llaniladi:
The Russian Federation (The RF)
– Rossiya Federatsiyasi
The Central African Republic (The CAR)
– Markaziy Afrika Respublikasi
The United States of America (The USA)
– Amerika Qo’shma Shtatlari
The United Kingdom (The UK)
– Birlashgan Qirollik
The United Arab Emirates (The UAE)
– Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari
Mustasno holat:
×Great Britain
– Buyuk Britaniya
×New Zealand
– Yangi Zellandiya
×Saudi Arabia
– Saudiya Arabistoni
38)
Ba’zi bir mamlakat, shahar, viloyat va o’lka nomlari oldidan “the” aniq
artikli qo’llaniladi:
The Ukraine The Saar
The Neitherlands The Transwaal
The Argentine The Ruhr
The Lowlands The Caucasus
The Highlands The Crimea
The Philippines The Altay
The Congo The Krasnodar
The Sudan The Vatikan
The Zebanon The Hague
The Strand
39)
Mamlakatlar nomi oldidan “republic” so’zi kelsa, ular oldidan “the” aniq
artikli qo’llaniladi:
×Uzbekistan -
The Republic of Uzbekistan
×China -
The
Peoples Republic of China
(Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi)
×France -
The
Republic of France
40)
Shaharlar nomi oldidan “city”, “town” so’zlari kelsa, ular oldidan “the”
aniq artikli qo’llaniladi:
×Karshi-
The city of Karshi
×Kamashi-
The town of
Kamashi.
×Tashkent-
The city of Tashkent
×Kitob-
The town of Kitob
41) Musiqa asboblari nomi “play” (chalmoq) fe’li bilan birikib kelsa, yoki
gapda ega vazifasida kelsa, ular oldidan “the” aniq artikli qo’llaniladi:
I play
the guitar
- men gitara chalaman
He plays
the piano
– men pianino chalaman
The guitar
is on the table – gitara stolning ustida
The
piano
is in the room – pianino xonada
Ammo, musiqa asboblari nomi “to have”, “there is” iboralari bilan birikib
kelsa, yoki gapda kesim vazifasida kelsa, ular oldidan noaniq artikllar
qo’llaniladi:
12
I have
a guitar
– meni gitaram bor
There is
a
piano
in the room – xonada pianino bor
42) Urush nomlari oldidan “the” aniq artikli qo’llaniladi:
The Korean war
– Koreya urushi
The Vietnam war
– Vetnam urushi
The First World war (= ×World war І )
– Birinchi jahon urushi
The Second world war ( ×World war ІІ )
– Ikkinchi jahon urushi
The Civil war
- Fuqarolar urushi
The Patriotic war
- Ulug’ vatan urushi
43) Harbiy battalion, brigade, aviziyalar nomi oldidan “the” aniq artikli
qo’llaniladi:
The International brigade
The British battalion
The Asian dvision
44)
Bazi so’zlar oldidan “the” aniq artikli kelganda, ularning ma’nosi
butunlay o’zgaradi:
O’z ma’noda:
Ko’chma ma’noda:
1)
Very- juda
It is a
very
interesting book – bu
juda qiziqarli kitob
2) Only- faqat
I know
only
English – men
faqatgina ingliz tilini bilaman
3) Last- o’tgan
I saw him
last
week – o’tgan
haftada men uni ko’rdim
4) Next- kelasi
I will go there next week – men u
yerga kelasi hafta boraman
1) The very- xuddi o’sha, aynan o’zi
It is
the very
book, I need – bu menga
zarur bo’lgan kitobning aynan o’zi
2) The only- yakka, yolg’iz
John is
the only
child in the family –
Jon oilasida yolg’iz farzand
3) The last- oxirgi, so’ngi
This is
the last
book by Mark Twain –
bu Mark Tvinning so’nggi kitobi
4) The next- keyingi, navbatdagi
The doctor called
the next
patient –
doctor keyingi bemorni chaqirdi
Artikllarning qo’llanmaslik holatlari:
1)
Egalik olmoshlari bilan artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
Singular:
Plural:
My
- mening
Your
- sening
His, her, it’s
- uning
Our
- bizning
Your
- sizning
Their
- ularning
2)
Bayram kunlari nomi oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
×Navruz
– Navro’z
×Easter
– Pasxa
×Independence day
– Mustaqillik kuni
×Christmas day
- Rojdestvo
×Womens’ day
– Ayollar bayrami
×Victory day
– G’alaba kuni
×
Easter
is a religious day- Pasxa- diniy bayram
×Navruz
is a national uzbek holiday – Navro’z- milliy o’zbek bayrami
3)
Kishi kasbini bildirgan otlar murojat ma’nosida kelsa, artikllar
qo’llanmaydi:
×Teacher,
help me to do homework – ustoz, uy vazifamni bajarishimda yordam bering
×Professor
, I have a question for you – professor, sizga bir savolim bor
13
×Doctor,
when shall I come to you? – doctor, huzuringizga qachon borsam bo’ladi?
4)
Kishi kasbini yoki unvonini bildirib kelgan otlar, kishi ismi bilan birikib
kelsa, artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
×Teacher Saidov
taught us at University – ustoz Saidov universitetda biz bilan birga
dars beradilar
×Professor Smirnov
answered all the questions – professor Smirnov barcha
savollarga javob berdi
5)
Fan nomlari oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
×History -
tarix
×Literature
- adabiyot
×Geography
- geografiya
×Physics
- fizika
I am interested in
×literature
– men adabiyotga qiziqaman
×Physics
is my favourite subject – fizika mening sevimli fanim
Ammo, “literature” so’zi fan ma’nosida emas, balki biror davrning adabiy
jarayoni ma’nosida kelsa, “the” aniq artikli qo’llaniladi:
The literature of the 19 the centary
– 19-asr adabiyoti
The literature of the Middle ages
– o’rta asrlar adabiyoti
The literature of Modern America –
zamonaviy Amerika adabiyoti
6)
Ko’cha, shoh ko’cha, park, maydon nomlari oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
×Gorky street ×Independence avenue
×Navoi street ×Uzbekistan avenue
×Hyde park ×Irafalgar square
×National park ×Independence square
For examples
:
I live in
×Navoi
street – men Navoyi ko’chasida turaman
I saw him in
the
street – men uni ko’chada ko’rdim
Mustasno holat:
The red square –
qizil maydon
7)
Kishi yoki joy nomlariga qo’yilgan otlar oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
×Victoria station ×London zoo
×Wastministr Abbey ×Canterburg Catherdal
×Edinburgh Castle ×Kennedey Aeroport
×Buckinham palace
8)
Atoqli otlarga qaratqich kelishigi qo’shimchalari (-s’, -‘s) qo’shilganda
artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
John’s
father is a doctor – Jonning otasi doktor
Karim’s
book is on the table – Karimning kitobi stolning ustida
India’s
economy is developing – Hindiston iqtisodi rivojlanmoqda
9)
Universitet, kollej va maktab nomlari oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
×Oxford university ×Victoria college ×Art school
×Moscow university ×Triniti college ×Medicine school
Ammo, universitet, kollej va maktab nomlari “of ” predlogi bilan birikib kelsa,
ular oldidan “the” artikli qo’llaniladi:
The
University
of
Oxford
The
University
of
Moscow
14
The
college
of
Victoria
The
college
of
Trinite
The
school
of
Art
The
school
of
Medicine
10)
Kishi ismlari nomi oldidan umumiy ma’noda artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
×John ×Peter ×Nick
×Peter
studies at university – Pitr universitetda o’qiydi
Ammo, kishi ismlari gapda izohlovchi bilan kelsa, ular oldidan “the” aniq
artikli qo’llaniladi:
The
Peter
whom we know
studies at university – biz bilgan Pitr universitetda o’qiydi
11)
Bir so’zdan iborat bo’lgan mamlakat va shahar nomlari oldidan artikllar
qo’llanmaydi:
×France ×English
×Germany ×Uzbekistan
12)
Qit’a nomlari oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
×South America ×Africa ×Australia
×North America ×Europe ×Asia
“Central” va “Ancient” so’zlari qit’a yoki mamlakat nomlari oldidan kelgan
holatda ham artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
×Central
Asia – Markaziy Osiyo
×Ancient
Greece – Qadimiy
Gretsiya
×Central
America – Markaziy Amerika
×Ancient
Rome – Qadimiy Rim
13)
Modda nomlari, mavhum otlar va sanalmaydigan otlar umumiy ma’noda
kelsa, ular oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
×Water
is necessary for life – suv hayot uchun zarur
×Life
isn’t easy – hayot- oson emas
×Money
is not everything – Pul-qo’lning kiri
Ammo, modda nomlari, mavhum otlar va sanalmaydigan otlar aniq ma’noda
kelsa, ya’ni ularning biror joyda turganligini, kimgadir tegishli ekanligini
ko’rsatsak, yoki ularni gapda izohlovchi bilan izohlasak, ular oldidan “the” aniq
artikli qo’llaniladi:
Pass me
the
water
– menga suvni uzatib yuboring
The water
in the pool is cold – chelakdagi suv sovuq
The money
is on the table – pul stolning ustida
The life
of Navoi – Navoyining hayoti
The money
which mother gave me isn’t enough to buy the book – onam bergan pul
kitob sotib olishga yetmaydi
14)
Ovqatlanish mahallari nomi oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
To have ×breakfast - at ×breakfast - before ×breakfast - after ×breakfast
To have ×lunch - at ×lunch - before ×lunch - after ×lunch
To have ×dinner - at ×dinner - before ×dinner - after ×dinner
To have ×supper - at ×supper - before ×supper - after ×supper
Mustasno holat:
to have a meal -
ovqat yemoq
15
Bu holatda, ovqat mahali nazarda tutilmaganligi sababli noaniq artikl qo’llanilgan
Ammo, ovqatlanish mahal nomlari oldidan sifat kelsa, noaniq artikllar
qo’llaniladi:
To have
a good breakfast –
yaxshi nonushta qilmoq
To have
a
nice lunch
– ajoyib tushlik qilmoq
Ovqatlanish mahal nomlari gapda izohlovchi bilan kelsa, ular oldidan aniq
artikl “the” qo’llaniladi:
The dinner
that I had today was very tasty – bugun qilgan tushligim juda mazali edi
15)
Hafta kunlari va oy nomlari oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
×Monday - on ×Monday ×May - in ×May
×Tuesday - on ×Tuesday ×October - in ×October
×Wednesday - on ×Wednesday ×April - in ×April
Ammo, hafta kunlari yoki oy nomlari oldidan sifat kelsa, ular oldidan noaniq
artikllar qo’llaniladi:
On
a
cold Monday
– sovuq dushanba kunida
On
a warm May night
– iliq may tunida
Hafta kunlari nomi oldidan to’g’ridan-to’g’ri noaniq artikllar qo’llanilishi ham
mumkin, faqat bu holatda ish- harakatning bajarilish vaqti aniq bo’lmaydi:
On Monday
- dushanba kunida
On a Monday -
qaysi bir dushanba kunida
For examples:
He came
on Monday
– u dushanba kuni keldi
He came
on a Monday
– u qaysi bir dushanba kunida keldi
16)
Kasalliklar nomi oldidan umumiy ma’noda artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
×Hypertoma
- gipertoma
×Measles
- qizamiq
×Cholera
- vabo
For example:
×Hypertoma
is an uncurable illness –
Ammo,
kasallikni boshdan kechirsak, “the” aniq artikli qo’llaniladi:
After
he had
the
hypertoma,
he became weak and angry – gipertomani boshidan
kechirganidan so’ng, u nimjon va jahldor bo’lib qoldi
I got the fly
last year – men o’tgan yili gripp bo’lgan edim
17)
Sportga oid otlar oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
×Foodball
- fudbol
×Chess
- shaxmat
×Tennis
- tennis
×Volleyball
- volleybol
For example:
×Tennis
is my hobby – tennis- mening sevimli mashg’ulotim
18)
“Ibodat qilgani bormoq” ma’nosida “church” so’zi oldidan artikllar
qo’llanmaydi:
John’s mother is a religious. She goes
church
every Sunday – Jonning onasi dindor. U
har yakshanba kuni cherkovga boradi
Ammo, “cherkovga biror ish bilan bormoq” ma’nosida yoki cherkov binosi
nazarda tutilsa, “church” so’zi oldidan aniq artikl “the” qo’llaniladi:
16
Yesterday, I went to
the church
to take it’s photo – kecha, men suratga tushurgani
cherkovga bordim
The church
was built in 1580 – cherkov 1580-yilda qurilgan
19)
“Qamalmoq, qamatmoq, qamoqqa olmoq” ma’nolarida “prison” so’zi
oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
To be in ×prison
- qamoqda bo’lmoq
To go to ×prison -
qamalmoq
To send smb. to ×prison -
kimnidir qamatmoq
To take smb. into ×prison -
kimnidir qamoqqa olmoq
For examples:
John is in ×prison – Jon qamoqxonada
The judge sent him to ×prison 2 years – sud uni 2 yilga qamadi
The police took him into ×prison – politsiya uni qamoqqa oldi
Ammo, “qamoqxonaga biror ish bilan bormoq, kimnidir ko’rgani bormoq”
ma’nosida, yoki qamoqxona binosi nazarda tutilsa, “prison” so’zi oldidan aniq
artikl “the” qo’llaniladi:
I often go to
the prison
to see John – men tez-tez qamoqxonaga Jonni ko’rgani borib
turaman
The fire- brigade were called to
the
prison
to put out the fire – yong’inni o’chirish
uchun qamoqxona binosiga o’t o’chirish brigadasi chaqirildi
The
prison
is a long way from here – qamoqxona bu yerdan uzoqda joylashgan
20)
Birikmalarda “home” so’zi oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
To go ×home –
uyga bormoq
To leave ×home
– uyda qolmoq
To come ×home
– uyga kelmoq
To be back ×home
– uyga qaytmoq
To get ×home
– uyga bormoq
To go back ×home
– uyga qaytib bormoq
To return ×home
– uyga qaytmoq
To come back ×home
– uyga qaytib kelmoq
To reach ×home
– uyga yetib olmoq
To get back ×home
– uyga qaytib bormoq
To approach ×home
– uyga yaqinlashmoq
To be at ×home
– uyda bo’lmoq
To arrive ×home
– uyga yetib olmoq
To stay at ×home
– uyda qolmoq
21)
“Uxlashga yotmoq, o’rindan turmay yotmoq” ma’nolarida “bed” so’zi
oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
To go to ×bed
To be in ×bed
To keep ×bed
For example:
I go to ×bed at 10 o’clock – men soat 10 da uxlayman
John is in ×bed watching TV – Jon yotib televizor ko’ryapti
John is ill, so he is keeping ×bed – Jon kasal, shuning uchun u
o’rnidan turmay yotibdi
Ammo, “bed” so’zi “kravot” ma’nosida kelsa, ular oldidan artikllar
qo’llaniladi:
Put the book on
the
bed –
kitobni devanga qo’ying
17
22)
“Maktabda, kollejda o’qimoq, kollejga o’qishga kirmoq, universitetga
o’qishga kirmoq va tahsil olmoq” ma’nolarida “school”, “college”,
“university” so’zlari oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
To go to ×school
– maktabga bormoq
To be at ×school
– maktabda o’qimoq
To be at ×college
– kollejda o’qimoq
To go to ×college
– kollejga bormoq
To go to ×university
– universitetga bormoq
To study at ×university
– universitetda tahsil olmoq
For examples:
My brother goes to ×school – akam maktabga boradi
I’m at ×college – men kollejda o’qiyman
Ammo, “maktabga, kollejga, universitetga biror ish bilan bormoq” ma’nosida,
yoki ularning binosi nazarda tutilsa, “school, college, university” so’zlari oldidan
aniq artikl “the” qo’llaniladi:
I often go to
the school
to see my brother’s teacher – men ukamning o’qituvchisi
bilan ko’rishgani tez-tez maktabga borib turaman
The
college
is in Navoi street – kollej Navoyi ko’chasida joylashgan
We live near
the
university – men universitet yaqinida yashayman
“School, college, university” so’zlari oldidan sifat kelsa, ular oldidan noaniq
artikllar qo’llaniladi:
My brother goes to
a nursery school
– akam hamshiralar tayyorlash maktabiga
boradi
My sister goes to
a pedagogical university
– singlim pedagogic universitetda o’qiydi
23)
“Shifoxonada kasal bo’lib yotmoq, shifoxonaga davolanish uchun bormoq,
kimnidir shifoxonaga yotqizmoq” ma’nolarida “hospital” so’zi oldidan
artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
To be in ×hospital -
shifoxonada kasal bo’lib yotmoq
To go to ×hospital -
shifoxonaga davolanish uchun bormoq
To send smb. to ×hospital -
kimnidir shifoxonaga yotqizmoq
For examples:
John is in hospital – Jon shifoxonada
I often go to hospital – men shifoxonaga tez-tez borib turaman
We sent John to hospital – biz Jonni shifoxonaga yotqizdik
Ammo, “shifoxonaga kimnidir ko’rgani bormoq” ma’nosida, yoki shifoxona
binosi nazarda tutilsa, “hospital” so’zi oldidan aniq artikl “the” qo’llaniladi:
I’m going to
the hospital
to see John – men Jonni ko’rgani shifoxonaga boryapman
The hospital
is in the centre of the city – shifoxona binosi shahar markazida
joylashgan
“Hospital” so’zi oldidan sifat kelsa, noaniq artikllar qo’llaniladi:
He works at
a children’s hospital
– u bolalar shifoxonasida ishlaydi
24)
Firma, kompaniya, avialiniyalar nomi oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
×Kodak ×Uzbekistan airways
×Sony ×British airline.
×Fiat
18
25)
Ko’plikdagi otlar umumiy ma’noda kelsa, ular oldidan artikllar
qo’llanmaydi:
Buy ×books
– kitoblar sotib oling
Bring ×plates
– tarelkalarni bering
Ammo, ko’plikdagi otlar aniq ma’noda kelsa, ya’ni ularning biror bir joyda
turganligini ko’rsatib o’tsak, yoki gapda aniqlovchi bilan izohlansa, ular oldidan
aniq artikl “the” qo’llaniladi:
Bring
the plates
on the table – stolning ustidagi tarelkalarni bering
Buy
the books
which I recommended – men tavsiya qilgan kitoblarni sotib oling
The teachers
in our lyceum work more – bizning litseydagi o’qituvchilar ko’p
ishlashadi
26)
Birikmalarda “work” so’zi oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi:
To do ×work
– ish qilmoq
To be at ×work
– ishda bo’lmoq
To complete ×work
– ishni to’ldirmoq
To go to ×work
– ishga bormoq
To begin ×work
– ishni boshlamoq
To come from ×work
– ishdan qaytib kelmoq
To finish ×work
– ishni tugatmoq
To stop ×work –
ishni to’xtatmoq
To start ×work
– ishni boshlamoq
After ×work
– ishdan so’ng
Before ×work –
ishdan oldin
NOUN
Ot -
shaxs va predmetning nomini bildirib who? what? so’rog’lariga javob
bo’ladi.
English tilida, otlar ma’no jihatdan quyidagi turlarga bo’linadi:
1)
Common nouns – (turdosh otlar)
Belgi-hususiyatidan qat’iy nazar bir turdagi narsa-predmetning umumiy nomini
bildirsa- Turdosh otlar deyiladi.
A book- a boring book- a good book- an interesting book- a thin book- a thick book
Turdosh otlar sanaladigan otlar hisoblanib, birlikda ham ko’plikda ham qo’llanadi:
A book- two books
Uning ma’nosiga qarab oldidan aniq yoki noaniq artikllar qo’llanadi:
This is a book. The book is interesting.
2)
Proper nouns (atoqli otlar)
Aynan atab qo’yilgan otlar-
Atoqli otlar
dir. Ular kishilarga, narsalarga, joy
nomlariga atab qo’yiladi:
Kishilar:
Alisher, John, Laura
Narsalar: “
Hurry Potter”, “Terminator’’
Joylar:
Karshi, Uzbekistan
Jonivorlar:
Rex, Bobek, Spike
Atoqli otlar sanalmaydigan otlar bo’lib doim birlikda qo’llanadi:
Alisher lives in Karshi
–
Alisher Qarshida yashaydi
Ammo ular turdosh ot ma’nosini bildirib kelganda, ular ko’plikda qo’llanishi
mumkin:
There are 3
Alishers in our class
–
bizning sinfimizda 3 ta Alisher bor
19
Umumiy ma’noda atoqli otlar oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi, aniq ma’noda ular
oldidan “the” aniq artikli qo’llanadi:
Umumiy ma’noda:
Aniq ma’noda:
Alisher lives in Karshi – Alisher
Qarshida yashaydi
The
Alisher that I know lives in
Karshi – men bilgan Alisher Qarshida
yashaydi
3)
Abstract nouns (mavhum otlar)
Ko’z bilan ko’rib qo’l bilan ushlab bo’lmaydigan otlar- mavhum otlardir. Biz ularni
his qilishimiz, eshitishimiz, tasavvur qilishimiz mumkin:
Belief-
ishonch
Advise-
maslahat
Love-
sevgi
Hate-
nafrat
Music-
musiqa
Friendship-
do’stlik
Mavhum otlar sanalmaydigan otlar bo’lib, doim birlikda qo’llanadi. Umumiy
ma’noda ular oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi, aniq ma’noda esa ular oldidan
“the” qo’llanadi:
Umumiy ma’noda:
Aniq ma’noda:
×
Independence is a sacred thing –
Mustaqillik- muqaddas ne’mat
I like
×
music – men musiqani
yoqtiraman
The
independence of Uzbekistan was
proclaimed in 1991 – O’zbekiston
mustaqilligi 1991-yili e’lon qilindi
I like
the
music in this film – men bu
filmdagi musiqani yoqtiraman
4)
Material nouns (modda otlari)
Modda otlari o’z ichiga kimyoviy modda va mahsulot nomlarini oladi:
Water
- suv
Salt
- tuz
Gold -
oltin
Oxygen - Silver -
kumush
Iron
- temir
Modda otlari sanalmaydigan otlar bo’lib doim birlikda qo’llanadi. Umumiy
ma’noda ular oldidan artikllar qo’llanmaydi, aniq ma’noda esa “the” qo’llanadi:
Umumiy ma’noda:
Aniq ma’noda:
×
Water is necessary for life – suv-
hayot uchun zarur
The
water in the cup is hot –
piyoladagi suv issiq
§.
Bundan tashqari, otlar sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan turlarga bo’linadi:
1) Countable Nouns - sanaladigan otlar
2) Uncountable Nouns - sanalmaydigan otlar
Donalab sanashimiz mumkin bo’lgan har qanday otlar- sanaladigan otlardir:
A book- one book- two books- some books- several books, many books - a lot of
books
Quyidagilar sanaladigan otlar hisoblanadi:
a)
Shaxs nomi, uning aloqasi va kasbi nomi:
Singular:
Plural:
One
boy – bir bola
One
girl – bir qiz
One
friend – bir do’st
One
enemy – bir dushman
One
relative – bir qarindosh
One
teacher – bir o’qituvchi
One
doctor – bir shifokor
Two
boy
s
– 2 ta bola
Two
girl
s
– 2 ta qiz
Two
friend
s –
2 ta do’st
Two
enemi
es –
2 ta dushman
Two
relative
s –
2 ta qarindosh
Two
teacher
s –
2 ta o’qituvchi
Two
doctor
s
– 2 ta shifokor
20
b)
Hayvon, o’simlik, hashorotlar nomi:
Singular:
Plural:
One
dog – bitta it
One
rose – bir dona atirgul
One
bee – bir ari
Two
dog
s
– 2 ta it
Two
rose
s –
2 dona atirgul
Two
bee
s –
2 ta ari
c)
O’z shakli va hajmiga ega bo’lgn narsa- predmetlar:
Singular:
Plural:
A
house – bir uy
A
room – bir xona
A
car – bir mashina
Two
house
s
– 2 ta uy
Two
room
s –
2 ta xona
Two
car
s
– 2 ta
mashina
d)
Jamiyatdagi kichik birliklar:
Singular:
Plural:
A
family – bir oila
A
country – bir mamlakat
A
language – bitta til
Two
famili
es
– 2 ta oila
Two
countri
es –
2 ta mamlakat
Two
language
s
– 2 ta til
e)
O’lchov birliklari:
Singular:
Plural:
One
inch – bir qarich
One
meter – bir metr
One
liter – bir litr
One
food – bir qadam
Two
inch
es –
ikki qarich
Two
metres – ikki metr
Two
litres – ikki litr
Two
feet – ikki qadam
f)
Suyuqlik, aralashma, gaz, kukunlarning idishlari:
Singular:
Plural:
One
bottle – bir shisha
One
tube –
One
jar – bir banka
Two
bottle
s
– ikki shisha
Two
tube
s -
Two
jar
s
– ikki banka
g)
Ba’zi bir mavhum birliklar:
Singular:
Plural:
One
idea – bir g’oya
One
plan – bir reja
One
invention – bir ixtiro
Two
idea
s
– 2 ta g’oya
Two
plan
s –
2 ta reja
Two
invention
s –
2 ta ixtiro
Sanashimiz mumkin bo’lmagan yoki sanashning iloji bo’lmagan otlar-
Sanalmaydigan otlardir:
Water – suv Air - havo
Rice – gurunch Hair - soch
1) Mayda zarrachalardan tashkil topgan narsalar sanalmaydi:
Rice – gurunch sugar – shakar sand - qum
2) Har qanday turdagi oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari sanalmaydi:
Bread - non meat – go’sht butter – sariyog’
3) Har qanday turdagi qurilish materiallari sanalmaydi:
Iron – temir wood – yog’och stone - tosh
4) Suyuqliklar sanalmaydi:
Oil – yog’ tea – choy milk - sut
5) Tabiat qonunlariga ko’ra bir turdan boshqa turga aylanganda sanalmaydi:
Water (suv) - ice (muz) – steam (bug’)
21
Wood (yog’och) – smoke (tutun)- ashes (kul)
6) Til va fan nomlari sanalmaydi:
English, Russian, History, Physics
7) O’z shakli va hajmiga ega bo’lgan narsa- predmetlarning umumiy nomini
bildirgan otlar sanalmaydi:
Clothing ( a coat, a shirt, a hat…)
Money ( a soum, a dollar, a euro, a rupee…)
Jewely ( an earring, a ring, a neck lace…)
Furniture ( a chair, a case, a sofa…)
8)
–ance, -ence, -ness, -ship, -ty
qo’shimchalari bilan tugagan otlar sanalmaydi:
Ignorance - nodonlik Beauty - chiroy
Difference - farq Cleverness - aqlli
Friendship - do’stlik
9) –ing qo’shimchasi bilan tugagan otlar sanalmaydi:
Shopping- harid Learning- ta’lim
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