C H A P T E R 1 9
The Foreign Exchange Market
509
TA B L E 1 9 - 2
Factors That Shift the Demand Curve for Domestic Assets and
Affect the Exchange Rate
Change in
Quantity Demanded
of Domestic Assets
Response of
Change
at Each
Exchange
Factor
in Factor
Exchange Rate
Rate,
E
t
Domestic interest rate,
i
D
Foreign interest rate,
i
F
*
*
Expected domestic price level*
*
*
Expected trade barriers*
Expected import demand
*
*
Expected export demand
Expected productivity*
* Relative to other countries.
Note:
Only increases (
+
) in the factors are shown; the effects of decreases in the variables on the exchange rate are
the opposite of those indicated in the Response column.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
E
2
E
1
D
1
D
2
S
A
E
t
Dollar Assets
E
2
E
1
D
1
D
2
S
A
E
t
Dollar Assets
E
2
E
1
D
1
D
2
S
A
E
t
Dollar Assets
E
2
E
1
D
1
D
2
S
A
E
t
Dollar Assets
E
2
E
1
D
1
D
2
S
A
E
t
Dollar Assets
E
2
E
1
D
1
D
2
S
A
E
t
Dollar Assets
E
2
E
1
D
1
D
2
S
A
E
t
Dollar Assets
510
PA R T V I
International Finance and Monetary Policy
Changes in the Equilibrium Exchange Rate: Two Examples
A P P L I C AT I O N
Our analysis has revealed the factors that affect the value of the equilibrium
exchange rate. Now we use this analysis to take a closer look at the response of
the exchange rate to changes in interest rates and money growth.
Changes in domestic interest rates
i
D
are often cited as a major factor affecting
exchange rates. For example, we see headlines in the financial press like this one:
Dollar Recovers as Interest Rates Edge Upward. But is the view presented in this
headline always correct?
Not necessarily, because to analyze the effects of interest rate changes, we
must carefully distinguish the sources of the changes. The Fisher equation
(Chapter 4) states that a nominal interest rate such as
i
D
equals the
real
interest
rate plus expected inflation:
i
*
i
r
+
p
e
. The Fisher equation thus indicates that
the interest rate
i
D
can change for two reasons: Either the real interest rate
i
r
changes or the expected inflation rate
p
e
changes. The effect on the exchange rate
is quite different, depending on which of these two factors is the source of the
change in the nominal interest rate.
Suppose that the domestic real interest rate increases so that the nominal inter-
est rate
i
D
rises while expected inflation remains unchanged. In this case, it is rea-
sonable to assume that the expected appreciation of the dollar will be unchanged
because expected inflation is unchanged. In this case, the increase in
i
D
increases
the relative expected return on dollar assets, increases the quantity of dollar assets
demanded at each level of the exchange rate, and shifts the demand curve to the
right. We end up with the situation depicted in Figure 19-4, which analyzes an
increase in
i
D
, holding everything else constant. Our model of the foreign
exchange market produces the following result:
When domestic real interest
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