policy instrument
(also called an
operating
instrument
) is a variable that responds to the central bank s tools and indicates
the stance (easy or tight) of monetary policy. A central bank like the Bank of
Canada has at its disposal two basic types of policy instruments: reserve aggregates
(total reserves, nonborrowed reserves, the monetary base, and the nonborrowed
base) and interest rates (overnight interest rate and other short-term interest rates).
(Central banks in small countries can choose another policy instrument, the
exchange rate, but we leave this topic to Chapter 20.) The policy instrument might
be linked to an
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