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PA R T I I I
Financial Institutions
BANK CREDIT AND DEBIT CARDS
Credit cards have been around since well
before World War II. Many individual stores (Sears, Eaton s, the Bay) institutional-
ized charge accounts by providing customers with credit cards that allowed them
to make purchases at these stores without cash. Nationwide credit cards were not
established until after World War II, when Diners Club developed one to be used
in restaurants. Similar credit card programs were started by American Express and
Carte Blanche, but because of the high cost of operating these programs, cards
were issued only to selected persons and businesses that could afford expensive
purchases.
A firm issuing credit cards earns income from loans it makes to credit card hold-
ers and from payments made by stores on credit card purchases (a percentage of
the purchase price, say 5%). A credit card program s costs arise from loan defaults,
stolen cards, and the expense involved in processing credit card transactions.
Seeing the success of Diners Club, American Express, and Carte Blanche,
bankers wanted to share in the profitable credit card business. Several chartered
banks attempted to expand the credit card business to a wider market in the 1950s,
but the cost per transaction of running these programs was so high that their early
attempts failed.
In the late 1960s, improved computer technology, which lowered the transaction
costs for providing credit card services, made it more likely that bank credit card
programs would be profitable. The banks tried to enter this business again, and this
time their efforts led to the creation of two successful bank credit card programs:
Visa and MasterCard. These programs have become phenomenally successful; more
than 200 million of their cards are in use. Indeed, bank credit cards have been so
profitable that nonfinancial institutions such as Sears (which launched the Discover
card), General Motors, and Walmart have also entered the credit card business.
Consumers have benefited because credit cards are more widely accepted than
cheques to pay for purchases (particularly abroad), and they allow consumers to
take out loans more easily.
The success of bank credit cards led these institutions to come up with a new
financial innovation,
debit cards.
Debit cards often look just like credit cards and
can be used to make purchases in an identical fashion. However, in contrast to
credit cards, which extend the purchaser a loan that does not have to be paid off
immediately, a debit card purchase is immediately deducted from the cardholder s
bank account. Debit cards depend even more on low costs of processing transac-
tions, since their profits are generated entirely from the fees paid by merchants on
debit card purchases at their stores. Debit cards have grown increasingly popular
in recent years.
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