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The phrase is a combination of two or more notional words which is a
grammatical unit but is not an analytical form of some word. The main difference
between the phrase and the sentence is in their linguistic function. The phrase is a
nominative unit, the sentence is a predicative one.
Nomination is naming things and their relations. A nominative unit simply
names something known to everybody or a majority of native language speakers,
recalling it from their memory, e.g.: a book, a departure. A phrase represents an
object of nomination as a complicated phenomenon, be it a thing, an action, a
quality or a whole situation, e.g.: an interesting book, to start with a jerk,
absolutely fantastic, his unexpected departure.
The sentence is the immediate unit of speech built up of words according to a
definite syntactic pattern and distinguished by a communicative purpose. The
sentence, naming a certain situation, expresses predication, i.e. shows the relation
of the denoted event to reality through the grammatical categories of tense, person
and mood. The category of tense is used to convey something new and define its
place in reality as preceding, or following the act of communication. The category
of person shows,
whether the situation involves the communicators or not. Through the category of
mood the event is shown as real or unreal, desirable or obligatory.
Thus, the sentence presents a unity in its nominative and predicative aspects,
denoting a certain event in its reference to reality. The distinguishing features of
the sentence are predication, modality and communicative meaningfulness.
It is stated that the center of predication in a sentence of verbal type is a finite
verb, which expresses essential predicative meanings by its categorial forms
(categories of tense and mood). Some linguists though (V.V Vinogradov,
M.Y.Bloch ) insist that predication is effected not only by the forms of the finite
verb, but also by all the other forms and elements of the sentence, which help
establish the connection between the named objects and reality. They are such
means as intonation, word order, different functional words.
Due to their nominative meaning, both the sentence and the phrase enter the
system of language by their syntactic patterns. The traditional linguistics considers
four main types of syntactic patterns: predicative (subject қ predicate), objective
(verb қobject), attributive (attribute қ noun), adverbial (verb/adverb/adjective қ
adverbial modifier).
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