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means, thus they are grammatical means and because of this fact one may consider
that English has the grammatical category of gender. But it can hardly be accepted.
A.I. Smirnitsky (20) gives convincible counter-arguments on this question.
Here it is: “Однако на самом деле и здесь выражение «рода» относится не к
грамматике, а к лексике. Слово actor – «мужского рода», а actress – «женского
рода» потому, что это соответствует реальным внеязыковым фактам, а не
вследствие особенностей склонения или каких-либо других формальных
грамматических особенностей данных слов. Слово actress по сравнению с
actor обозначает реально иное живое существо женского пола, и
соотношение actor – actress является по существу таким же, как соотношение
слов father отец – mother мать … этот суффикс является не грамматическим, а
лексическим, словообразующим. (его можно сопоставить, например, с
уменьшительным суффиксом – у в doggy и т.п.). Следовательно, в
соотношении actor – actress нет ничего противостоящего общим
закономерностям выражения «родовых» различий в системе английских
существительных”
There is a regular correspondence between English nouns and the personal
pronouns in the third person singular he, she, it. But this correspondence is not
equal with the one which is found in Russian. In the Russian language this
correspondence is based on both the lexical-semantic and the grammatical aspects
but in English it is based on only the lexical-semantic aspect, that is "he" is usually
used to indicate real biological male sex, "she" indicates real biological female sex
and “It” is used to indicate inanimate objects. It is important to remember that the
pronouns he, she, may also be used with regard to inanimate nouns. Such a use of
these pronouns is explained by the cultural and historical backgrounds and it has
nothing to do with the grammatical expression of the meaning of gender.
Examples: moon - she, ship - she, love - he and so on.
Summing up the problem of gender in Modern English, it is important to say
that:
1. gender is the grammatical distinction between; masculine, feminine and
neuter;
2. the lexical - grammatical category of gender existed only in the OE period
but in ME (middle English) this category has been lost;
3. in Modern English we find only lexical-semantic meanings of gender, that
is, the gender distinction is based on the semantic principle;
4. English has certain lexical and syntactic means to express a real biological
sex.
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