81
with benzaldehyde
19a
at 70
o
C to provide
bis(indolyl) methane derivatives. The authors mechanistically
proposed that Ag
+
activates the carbonyl group of aldehyde.
Subsequent Friedel-Craft type attack followed by dehydration
results in the formation of intermediate
83
. Subsequent
activation by Ag
+
and attack by second molecule of indole
furnished the bis(indolyl) methane product
82
(Scheme 38).
Scheme 38. Proposed mechanism of the AgI-RGA promoted
synthesis of bis(indolyl) methane.
4.2. Ag
2
O catalyzed tandem Sonogashira coupling-5-
exo-dig cyclization
Sandeep Chaudhary and co-workers reported silver oxide
nanoparticle
(Ag
2
O
NPs)
mediated
access
to
3-
ylidenephthalides and isocoumarins
via
an efficient
Sonogashira like coupling followed by substrate-controlled 5-
exo
-dig or 6-
endo
-dig cyclization reactions (Scheme 39).
[32a]
Quite strikingly, 2-halobenzoic acid reacted with meta/para-
aryl-substituted terminal alkynes to afford only 3-
ylidenephthalides in excellent yields with (
Z
)-selectivity. The
reaction was also regioselective for ortho-aryl-substituted
terminal alkynes, which provided isocoumarins exclusively.
The authors exploited the differential but a strong
coordinating ability of stoichiometric Ag(I) with triple bond
and ortho-aryl substituents that becomes prominent for the
tandem cross-coupling-cyclization protocol. As illustrated in
scheme 39, the silver oxide nanoparticle mediates the
Sonogashira cross-coupling of several meta- and para-
substituted alkynes in presence of 2-halo-benzoic acid
derivatives to afford 3-ylidenephthalides
87
.
Scheme 39. Access to 3-ylidenephthalides
via
Sonogashira
cross-coupling-cyclization protocol.
The optimized conditions were also applied to ortho-
substituted acetylenic phenyl ring to afford isocoumarin in
moderate to high yields. The substrate-controlled 6-endo-dig-
cyclization route is shown in scheme 40.
Scheme 40. Regioselective access to isocoumarins via
Sonogashira cross-coupling-cyclization protocol.
The generality of the reaction was extended to other alkynes.
An aliphatic terminal alkyne gave inseparable mixture of 5-
exo
-dig and 6-
endo
-dig cyclized products (Scheme 41). The
regioselectivity of the reaction was favourable with aromatic
alkynes as compared to aliphatic alkynes. The cyclopropyl-
based acetylene was employed to afford only 3-
ylidenephthalide
favouring
5-
exo
-dig
product
regioselectively. Further, to demonstrate the amenability for
scale up, gram-scale synthesis of 3-ylidenephthalides and
isocouramins were achieved in 89% and 80% yields.
Scheme 41. Synthesis of alicyclic 3-ylidenephthalides and
attempted coupling to aliphatic alkene.
In-order to check the competition between reactivity of ortho-
substituents with meta- and para-substituented alkenes, an
equimolar mixture of ortho-methoxy-phenyl acetylene and
meta-methoxy-phenyl acetylene was subjected to the
optimized conditions in presence of silver oxide nanoparticles
(Scheme 42).
[32b]
The product mixtures of 3-ylidenephthalide
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