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Thinking about Reform and Grand Corruption



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Spotlight-on-Uzbekistan

 
Thinking about Reform and Grand Corruption  
The high profile case of Gulnara Karimova projected the image of a political-economy where 
lucrative sectors were being seized by senior regime figures, and their close affiliates, through 
opaque means that relied on the covert and improper application of authoritarian state power. 
These commercial arrangements readily availed of international corporate and financial 
infrastructure to further conceal activities, launder proceeds, and safely manage assets abroad. The 
application of coercive state-power was used to intimidate targets of different racketeering 
operations.  
 
Research into two of the most significant projects shepherded into being by the Mirziyoyev 
government, indicates that they exhibit some of the same core governance weaknesses and 
corporate red flags that marked the preceding era. It cannot be factually inferred that the same 
forms of criminality are generating these red flags. However, in light of previous patterns, their 
systematic appearance is a matter of serious concern. 
 
In the case of Tashkent City companies closely linked to the Mayor benefited from significant state 
facilitated investment and construction opportunities, awarded under notably opaque conditions. 
These companies employ extensive offshore structures which serve to conceal beneficial ownership 
arrangements. Tashkent City construction activities were prefaced by the use of coercion against 
                                                           
322
 Letter from Thomas Anwander, General Counsel, Rieter Management AG, to Professor Kristian Lasslett, Ulster University, 18 October 
2019. 
323
 Moscow City Arbitration Court, Case No. A40-45399 / 18-25-340, Decision, 23 May 2019; Moscow City Arbitration Court, Case No A40-
228454 / 17-25-1453, Decision, 8 May 2018. 
324
 Deposit Insurance Agency, On filing an application on bringing subsidiary liability of controlling Starbank JSC, March 2019, 
https://www.asv.org.ru/liquidation/news/570136/ 
325
 Andrew Zayakin and Irek Murtazin, How are bankruptcy of a bank in Moscow and a fish factory in St. Petersburg connected with the 
serene life of Russians in Geneva, Novaya Gazeta, August 2018, https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2018/08/24/77590-shveytsarskiy-beglets 
326
 Beshariq Tekstil JSC, Company Extract, 35/2, accessed 22 December 2019; Vertical Alliance LLP, Company Extract, OC321610, 
https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/OC321610/filing-history 
327
 Amudaryotex LLC, Company Extract, 94, accessed 8 January 2019; Welroy Technology Ltd, Company Extract, 06857165, 
https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/06857165/filing-history 
328
 Email from Mr Agadzhan Avanesov to Professor Kristian Lasslett, 26 February 2020. 
329
 In St. Petersburg, a wanted co-owner of Starbank was spotted. The investigation believed that he lives in Switzerland, Fontanka, July 
2019, https://www.fontanka.ru/2019/07/07/015/ 


Spotlight on Uzbekistan 
75 
 
residents, while subsequently according to news reports the Mayor has been recorded making 
threats to disappear journalists. Similarly, the cotton cluster research reveals state facilitated 
opportunities and aid, was awarded to corporate operators through an administrative process 
fundamentally lacking transparency. A significant number of corporate operators were found to be 
opaque, and making active use of offshore holding structures, which served to conceal beneficial 
ownership arrangements. Serious evidence was uncovered which tied cluster operators to improper 
activity. Since this study was concluded news reports have appeared, which accuse cluster operators 
of employing coercive tactics against farmers and workers.
330
 In all of the above cases, the 
Mirziyoyev government potentially breached its own law by failing to respond to lawful requests for 
public administrative documents.  
 
This data serves as an important reminder. Uzbekistan’s political economy functions through the 
close integration of authoritarian politics with choreographed market activity. In a country as large 
as Uzbekistan, there clearly remains space for business to emerge on a licit footing. However, at the 
upper echelons of society, where some of the most lucrative trade is done, evidence indicates that 
success is premised in part on political influence, the opaque provision of state aid which gives 
selected businesses commercial advantages, and the tactical use of illicit commercial strategies to 
engorge rates of profit and monopolise economic opportunities.  
 
In the post-Karimov era it appears the upper hand has been gained by a more entrepreneurial class 
of elites, who can navigate this system with dexterity to accumulate wealth across a range of 
industries. Ground has been lost by a more conservative class of rent-seeking officials tied to the 
security state. Modest accommodations have also been made to civil society by the Mirziyoyev 
government. However, this appears to be driven more by reputational concerns that impact on 
investor/business confidence, rather than a conversion to liberal politics.  
 
It would seem likely the Mirziyoyev government will achieve some success in implementing its 
modernising agenda. To the extent this grows the national wealth, it will disproportionately benefit 
elite networks, although this will likely take place alongside a general improvement in the standards 
of living for the wider population. With a larger economic pie, there is the potential for growing 
clusters of power to emerge allied to the President, but which also have independent capacity to 
prosecute political and economic objectives, navigating authoritarian capitalism to the power-
cluster’s benefit. Indeed it is no contradiction to imagine that a successful process of authoritarian 
modernisation will increase levels of grand corruption, as different power-clusters look to game the 
system to augment their political influence and financial returns. In this scenario, which looks a likely 
one, opening up civil society, growing democratic institutions, and cultivating genuine agencies of 
oversight and accountability, constitutes a structure and culture that is highly antagonistic to this 
system as it stands, and thus is a dimmer prospect. 
 
The outcomes of this prospective balance will be acceptable to many national and international 
elites who will benefit from a stable system of authoritarian capitalism mediated by certain unsaid 
national ‘realities’ i.e. systematic grand corruption, while improved standards of living and the 
continuing limits placed on civil society will weaken the potential for the type of spontaneous 
uprisings that were observed in the Middle East and Africa. And in a world where authoritarian 
politics is making a return, as global capitalism struggles with a range of existential threats, 
Uzbekistan’s state may find itself increasingly the norm rather than the exception. 
 
                                                           
330
 Uzbek Forum for Human Rights, Cotton clusters and the despair of Uzbek farmers: Land confiscations, blank contracts and failed 
payments, April 2020, https://www.uzbekforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COTTON-CLUSTERS-2_compressed.pdf 
 


Spotlight on Uzbekistan 
76 
 
Of course, even within this prospective balance of forces, there is room for incremental progressive 
change. As Uzbekistan opens up its capital markets, deregulates industries, and primes privatisation 
initiatives, economic transactions will increasingly be mediated through the corporate sector. There 
is a serious need to modernise the corporate law in Uzbekistan in order to strengthen corporate 
governance and corporate transparency. In line with this, there has been incremental improvements 
in governmental transparency. These improvements need to be built on. In particular to ensure, for 
example, open registers of interests are made mandatory for public officials, all public procurement 
is open and transparent, and important records, such as court documents, are made available to the 
public in a timely, accessible and unredacted manner.  
 
International jurisdictions have a role to play too. In the UK the government has strengthened 
corporate transparency, but has failed to prosecute companies which submit false or improper 
filings. Nor is there a substantive system in place to actively detect irregular filings. Other 
jurisdictions used by Uzbekistani corporate groups such as Switzerland, Singapore, and Cyprus, are 
even further behind, with corporate registers that still permit the use of nominee directors, and 
where required, nominee shareholders. All of which creates an opportunity structure that allows 
improper dealings in Central Asia to be processed through international corporate and financial 
infrastructure, with looted value often resting in global centres of wealth, such as London, Paris and 
Geneva.  
 
Finally, independent civil society in Uzbekistan is vulnerable. It operates under an environment of 
surveillance, where civil rights are far from assured. Furthermore, as Uzbekistan’s market, financial 
and public infrastructure rapidly changes, they present new challenges for civil society if it is to hold 
the powerful to account. This requires capacity building. We are seeing examples in the Uzbekistani 
media of data-driven journalism that exposes irregular commercial and public transactions. These 
seeds require nurturing. Resources are needed in order to strengthen civil society’s capacity to fully 
harness data sources, rights to information, data-processing facilities, and advocacy opportunities, 
so that the public has access to forensic information on the activities of government and the private 
sector, synthesised with critical analysis that can enrich the public’s capacity for political agency. 
Though, with opposition political activity forbidden in Uzbekistan significant limits remain in place on 
the public’s political agency. 
 
Of course, we face one known unknown in Uzbekistan – the long-term impact of COVID-19 on an 
already fragile global political-economy. If a global recession is sparked, leading to serious downturn 
in Central Asia, the more predatory forms of racketeering observed in the Karimova case study may 
grow in appeal. If this coincides with diminished standards of living for the general population, these 
structural antagonisms could indeed provide the kindling for more radical forms of political 
challenge to the status quo, which we have observed for instance in neighbouring Kazakhstan.   


Spotlight on Uzbekistan 
77 
 
 
5. Reversing brain drain is the key to Uzbekistan’s future 
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