Evaluating Cotton Sector Integrity
Agriculture, cotton cultivation, and associated forms of manufacturing, including textiles, constitutes
a key pillar of Uzbekistan’s economy. Textile companies in particular are among some of the largest
and most influential concerns in Uzbekistan. The cultivation of raw cotton, however, has been
seriously tarnished by a quota-system reliant on state-organised forced labour regimes. To address
this serious human rights issue, stimulate new investment, and enhance value-added activity, the
Government of Uzbekistan implemented a privatisation programme in the cotton sector through a
‘cluster’ system.
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Cotton clusters are vertically integrated production units, organised on a district basis. Cluster
operators, primarily textile companies, are responsible for overseeing the production of cotton and
its conversion into value added products. Transparent, competitive tender processes were not
employed to select cluster operators. Instead, the governing decrees state that cluster operators
have been picked on the basis of a proposal made by each company in conjunction with the relevant
regional government.
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The Ministry for Agriculture, and the President’s Office, failed to respond to
a written freedom of information request for these proposals sent in the required format. Under the
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Atkhan Akhmedov, Dispossession and urban development in the new Tashkent, Open Democracy, December 2018,
https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/dispossession-and-urban-development-in-the-new-tashkent/
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Shavkat Mirziyoyev: There are still 3.5 months before the end of the year, we should determine plans for next year today, Website of
the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, September 2018, https://president.uz/ru/lists/view/2024; Cluster system: Development
prospects, Committee on Agriculture and Water Management, Oliy Majlis, May 2019, available online:
http://parliament.gov.uz/ru/events/committee/25863/
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On measures to introduce modern forms of organising cotton-textile production, Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Decree, January 2018, www.lex.uz/ru/docs/3527483; On additional measures for the further development of cotton and textile industries,
Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan Decree, September 2018, https://www.lex.uz/docs/3906242
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law, On the Openness of the Activities of Public Authorities and Administration, authorities must
respond within 15 days of registering a request.
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In light of the sector’s fragile human rights record, a corporate integrity analysis was conducted of 71
cluster operators looking at a series of benchmarks linked to financial transparency, corporate
governance, and professional track record.
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Following an initial iteration of the research in early
2019, a scorecard system was developed and applied to twenty representative clusters. Green flags
were awarded for evidence of good practice, red flags were awarded where bad practice was
documented, while amber flags were reserved for situations where key benchmarks could not be
verified due to a lack of corporate information on the public record (direct requests were also made
to companies for information). A systematic application of the scorecard revealed a high proportion
of red (41 per cent) and amber flags (49 per cent). This indicated that companies operating the
cluster system were opaque, and where records could be located, they exhibited concerning
features.
One example of this is the Uztex group. Uztex brands itself as the largest textile company in
Uzbekistan. It is a conglomerate made up of primarily limited liability companies, which are
responsible for different aspects of group operations. Uztex was founded by Fakhritdin
Mamatdjanov and his son Farkhod.
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The Mamatdjanov family are also the principal owners of
Invest Finance Bank, which encountered negative publicity after it was found managing significant
accounts connected to Gulnara Karimova (although to the author’s knowledge Uzbek authorities
have not charged the bank for any offences relating to Karimova or her companies).
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Shares in Uztex are held primarily through a complex offshore structure, using incorporated entities
in Switzerland, Singapore and the UK. The General Director of a Russian subsidiary alleged to Uzbek
authorities that the group’s key Swiss offshore vehicle has been used by Farkhod Mamatdjanov to
covertly facilitate criminal activities.
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Subsequently, Russian authorities seized corporate property
as part of a criminal investigation into Mamatdjanov.
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Leaked Uztex internal records raise further concerns. They indicate that Uztex contracted to buy
US$84 million in equipment from Swiss multinational, Rieter, for two Uzbek operations, Textile
Finance Namangan LLC and Textile Finance Khorezm LLC.
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Rieter is a highly regarded supplier of
premium industrial equipment to the textile sector. Following the initial agreements in 2017, Rieter
then subcontracted the job to a little known British Limited Liability Partnership, Wayrex LLP.
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Wayrex LLP is a ‘trade agent for polymeric raw materials’.
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Wayrex LLP is also a significant holding
company in the Uztex group. Rieter was asked why they subcontracted the job back to the very
group which had made the purchase, especially given that according to public disclosures Wayrex
LLP is a minor trade agent. The company responded ‘it is a common practice in our industry that
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On the openness of the activities of public authorities and administration, Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan, No.ZRU-369, 5 May 2014,
www.lex.uz/docs/2381138
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Lasslett, Kristian and the Uzbek Forum for Human Rights. 2020. Out of the Cauldron, into the Fire? Risk and the Privatisation of
Uzbekistan’s Cotton Sector. Belfast: University of Ulster.
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Work as the essence of life - Interview with Mamatjanov Fakhritdin Djuraevich, Uztex Magazine, Autumn 2017,
https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/59560256/eng-light-uztex-
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Ordinary general meeting of shareholders, InFinBank, June 2019, https://www.infinbank.com/en/investors/decisions/2019/06/2065/;
Gulnara Karimova's Terra group bank accounts have been frozen’, Radio Ozodlik, October 2013,
https://www.ozodlik.org/a/25151464.html
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Stavropol Region Arbitration Court, Case No.A63 - 13475/2018, Decision, 19 December 2018.
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Stavropol Regional Court Criminal, Case No.22-958/2019, Appeal Decision, 26 February 2019.
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Contract No.21425014, Textile Finance Khorezm LLC and Rieter Machine Works Ltd, 10 May 2017; Contract No.21529101, Textile
Finance Namangan LLC and Rieter Machine Works Ltd, 27 September 2017.
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Agreement between Textile Finance Khorezm LLC, Rieter Machine Works Ltd, and Wayrex LLP, 19 October 2017; Agreement between
Textile Finance Namangan LLC, Rieter Machine Works Ltd, and Wayrex LLP, 19 October 2017
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Wayrex LLP, Report of the members for the financial period from 1.03.206 to 28.02.2017, April 2017,
https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/OC311533/filing-history
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machine manufactures like Rieter are trusted with the coordination of different suppliers’.
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Rieter
claim only one of the two contracts with the Uztex group went ahead.
Another example from the cluster system involves Beshariq Tekstil and Amudaryotex. These two
cluster operators are significant, established textile companies. Investigations revealed that both
companies had acted as guarantors for significant loans provided to affiliated Russian companies by
Russia’s Starbank. These loans were defaulted on during March 2016.
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In the same month Starbank
lost its banking license and was eventually declared bankrupt. Starbank’s appointed trustee Russia’s
Deposit Insurance Agency, claims senior Starbank executives, including its Chairman Agadzhan
Avanesov, knowingly formed bad debts.
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Russian newspaper, Novaya Gazeta, claims this bad debt
was formed with companies owned by the Chairman.
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After corporate filings were analysed, it was discovered that Beshariq Tekstil is part owned by
Avanesov, through a British limited liability partnership, Vertical Alliance LLP.
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Amudaryotex at the
time inquiries were made during 2019 was owned by Mirakbar Yakubzhanov, through British holding
company, Welroy Technology Ltd.
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Yakubzhanov and Avanesov are former business affiliates.
Avanesov, who is now based in Geneva, denies allegations made by Russian authorities and media.
Avanesov claims his commercial relationship with Yakubzhanov ended in litigation, where he was
awarded USD1.33 million.
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Russian media reports from July 2019 claim Avanesov remains wanted
by authorities, a claim he denies.
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