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Spotlight-on-Uzbekistan

Rule of Law 
Improving the situation in relation to the rule of law in Uzbekistan is a central challenge both for 
addressing the country’s human rights and economic challenges. It is an area where progress has 
been somewhat uneven compared to some other reforms and major challenges remain ahead 
around corruption in the judiciary, the continued dominance of the prosecutor’s office and the lack 
of defence lawyers. As with so many areas of policy the pace of regulatory change in the legal sphere 
has been rapid, with around 15,000 new Ministry of Justice documents and regulations in the last 
three years (compared to 20,000 in the previous 25 years).   
 
One area where there has been a clear step forward is in the area of policing. As discussed above, 
prior to recent reforms low-level bribery was endemic amongst beat and traffic police.
165
 After recent 
changes Uzbek’s everyday interactions with police have markedly improved, though independent 
activists report that some low level harassment and monitoring of their activities persist. Following 
the tragic case of Alijon Abdukarimov, who was beaten to death by police officers in May, the 
Government has committed to installing CCTV in the interrogation rooms of 497 police stations 
across Uzbekistan, while the police involved have been arrested and charged with torture and illegal 
detention.
166
 
 
At the heart of Uzbekistan’s rule of law problems have been the overwhelming power of the 
Prosecutor General’s Office (PGO) in controlling the legal process from arrest (officers used to have 
unrestricted power of arrest but though now courts determine who can be arrested it is almost 
unknown for them to refuse prosecutors requests) through to sentencing (judges almost always 
accept the sentence proposed by the prosecutors). The charging decision, in the hands of the PGO, is 
critical in determining the outcome of a trial in a system where acquittals are still extremely rare. 
Mirziyoyev has spoken openly about the need to increase the number of acquittals in legal 
proceedings. Following the speech, the annual number of acquittals has risen from six in 2016 to 867 
in 2018.
167
 However, some observers have noted concerns that these numbers may be being padded 
out with cases that have yet to complete where sentencing is postponed or where the applicants 
have died.
168
 Reforming the PGO itself has also been an important part of the reform agenda. In 
August 2017 Mirziyoyev claimed that the PGO officials had been ‘major thieves and facilitators of 
                                                           
163
 Eurasianet, Uzbekistan: Andijan blindness slows transition to era of openness, experts say, May 2020, https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-
andijan-blindness-slows-transition-to-era-of-openness-experts-say 
164
 KunUz, The National Strategy of Uzbekistan on Human Rights has been approved, June 2020, https://kun.uz/64926322 
165
 Local observers reported extraordinary, but unverified, claims that Tashkent traffic police previously were to required to meet a $100 
per day quota for fines and bribes to return to their bosses (before officers took their own cut). 
166
 Eurasianet, Uzbekistan: Police to fit interrogation rooms with recording equipment, June 2020, https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-
police-to-fit-interrogation-rooms-with-recording-equipment?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter 
167
 UN OHCHR, Uzbekistan faces crucial challenges for judicial independence, says UN human rights expert, September 2019, 
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25056&LangID=E 
168
 From discussions with a well-known legal observer. 


Spotlight on Uzbekistan 
35 
 
theft’, saying that he had replaced 80 per cent of them and in March 2019 made further changes to 
redistribute responsibilities to other state agencies and reduce the PGO workforce by 23 per cent.
169
 
 
Despite these reforms, the inequality of arms in the court room in criminal and administrative court 
cases is palpable. On the other side of the court from the still powerful PGO across the courtroom in 
criminal trial are a small band of advocates. As of January 2019 there were 3944 lawyers licensed as 
attorneys at law in total in a country of 33 million people.
170
 Given Uzbekistan’s expanding array of 
new business opportunities many of these lawyers (and many others with legal training but not 
registered with the Chamber of Advocates) work in the commercial sector leaving a small number to 
take up the thankless task of defending those accused in a system with the acquittals rate and 
sentencing policy noted above. There are issues around the need to improve the status of lawyers in 
the country, but particularly to make it more attractive to act as a defence lawyer. At the moment 
lawyers taking human rights or politically challenging cases tend to be from the small group of older 
lawyers, with younger lawyers still afraid that taking such cases could destroy their careers.  
 
There are some small steps underway to change the situation facing lawyers in Uzbekistan. Firstly, 
efforts are underway to reform the Chamber of Advocates that represents the profession, attempting 
to loosen the level of control the Ministry of Justice has over its activities. Following a Presidential 
Decree from December 2019, the Chamber of Advocates has been tasked with developing a new 
concept for the administration of the legal profession with a working group, involving a broader 
range of advocates than previously might have been the case. Key issues under investigation include 
the nature of the relationship with the Ministry of Justice (previously chair of Chamber of Advocates 
was chosen by Ministry of Justice) and the development new policy on legal aid, with a view to 
providing criminal, administrative and civil case support from advice through to trial for those who 
meet low income criteria and this will be managed by a series of regional centres independent of the 
judiciary who administered the legacy system (often the cause of corruption and favouritism 
amongst lawyer). The Chamber of Advocates now has a consultative role in approving any new 
legislation relating to the profession. On positive initiate in improving access to justice is the Madad 
network of legal advisory bureaus across Uzbekistan, an ‘NGO’ funded by government decree in 
2019, that aim to shortly have an office in every district as well as the national website Advice.uz all 
providing free legal advice.
171
 
 
Reform of the judiciary remains very much a work in progress; something the President has been 
open about in is 2020 State of the Nation Speech.
172
 At present, the Supreme Judicial Council, 
created in 2018, makes appointment of judges on the recommendation of the Supreme Court. 
However, the President appoints the council and formally approves judicial appointments, giving 
concerns over the ability of the Presidential administration to influence the decisions.
173
 Judicial 
salaries have been increased though still not to a level commensurate with the lifestyles they and 
their families have come to expect from their position.
174
 Reports of bribe taking remain rife, 
particularly in the criminal and administrative courts. According to the UN Special Rapporteur on the 
                                                           
169
 Kun.uz, Shavkat Mirziyoyev sharply criticized prosecutors, August 2017, https://kun.uz/news/2017/08/04/savkat-mirzieev-prokurorlarni-
keskin-tankid-kildi; Umida Hashimova, Uzbekistan Makes Serious Cuts to the Prosecutors General’s Office, The Diplomat, March 2019, 
https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/uzbekistan-makes-serious-cuts-to-the-prosecutor-generals-office/  
170
 Paruz.uz, Forms of activity reports and statistics, January 2020, https://www.paruz.uz/post/otchety-o-deyatelnosti-advokatskih-
formirovaniy 
171
 The Tashkent Times, Central office of Madad NGO opens in Tashkent, December 2019, https://tashkenttimes.uz/national/4715-central-
office-of-madad-ngo-opens-in-tashkent 
172
 Lee Kyung-sik, “Uzbekistan enters a new decade; great opportunities even deeper”, The Korea Post, February 2020, 
http://www.koreapost.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=20207 
173
 Supreme Council of Judges of the Republic of Uzbekistan website: http://www.sudyalaroliykengashi.uz/uz; UN, Human Rights Council: 
Visit to Uzbekistan, April 2020, https://undocs.org/A/HRC/44/47/ADD.1 
174
 Believed to be a range of between seven to ten million soms (700-1000 dollars) per month, significantly more than the average wage of 
2.21 million soms per month. For information on the latter see The Tashkent Times, Average salary in Uzbekistan at US$ 235, October 
2019, https://tashkenttimes.uz/national/4510-average-salary-in-uzbekistan-at-us-
235#:~:text=In%20January%2DSeptember%202019%2C%20the,634%2C880%20soums%2C%20US%24%2067. 


Spotlight on Uzbekistan 
36 
 
independence of judges and lawyers 85 per cent of judges remain on a five-year tenure which leaves 
them potentially more open to pressure in order to secure their future reappointment than more 
established judges on longer terms.
175
 The rapporteur also noted that civil society representatives 
that he met during his visit with were subject to interrogation by the security services. 
The majority of the judges working today have made their way through the Prosecutor’s office. The 
working group of the Chamber of Advocates has suggested that all new judges in the criminal courts 
have spent time as a defence lawyer, something that may help change perspectives as well as 
improving the status of lawyers in general. The more egregious excesses of the judiciary have been 
removed while the need for deeper institutional change remains.  
The international community has been engaging with judicial reform process both on training and on 
building technical capabilities, such as the well-publicised project by the UN to make documents 
from the administrative court system open to the public. Efforts to create an automated system of 
case distribution are yet to be completed with case allocation decisions when assigned judges are 
unavailable are still being made by the powerful chairs of each court as part of the widespread 
powers they have over the selection, promotion, evaluation and discipline of judges. As the UN 
Special Rapporteur noted the measures taken so far ‘should be regarded as initial steps towards the 
establishment of a truly independent and impartial justice system. Much more needs to be done to 
ensure that the judiciary is truly independent from other branches of the State, and that judges, 
prosecutors and lawyers are free to carry out their professional activities without any undue 
interference or pressure.’  
 

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