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Spotlight-on-Uzbekistan

Human Rights 
Under Karimov Uzbekistan was rightly seen as a global pariah on human rights. The regime was 
marked by the mass jailing political prisoners, widespread use of torture and deaths in custody 
(including infamous cases where prisoners were believed to have been boiled to death), poor prison 
conditions as well as wider problems around corruption, rule of law, freedoms and minority rights 
addressed in other sections of this collection.
143
 Mirziyoyev has made substantive changes in this 
area, recognising not only the impact that loosening the pressure on dissent has only on the internal 
environment but in changing Uzbekistan’s international reputation.  
 
Over 50 political prisoners have been released since 2016, including almost all of those imprisoned in 
the Karimov era.
144
 Those released now included a number of figures arrested in the early phase of 
the Mirziyoyev era, with the release of Andrei Kubatin in September 2019, a scholar and supporter of 
pan-Turkism, arrested and tortured in December 2017. In his case and many others the finger of 
blame has been pointed at the security services, including by the UN Special Rapporteur on the 
Independence of Judges and Lawyers Diego Garcia-Sayán.
145
 As time has gone on the political 
rivalries between Mirziyoyev and the Karimov era security establishment have also helped opened 
up opportunities for replacing key personnel and evolving practices at a grassroots level, including 
reducing the use of blacklists of human rights activist and journalists with 20,000 people removed 
according to Human Rights Watch (HRW). HRW have also been told that the Uzbekistan has stopped 
applying Section 221 of the Criminal Code on ‘violation of prison rules’ that was often used to extend 
the sentences of political prisoners.
146
  
 
In December 2017, a Presidential Decree declared that evidence obtained through torture would be 
inadmissible in court.
147
 While in 2019 the notorious Jaslyk Prison, renowned as ‘the house of 
torture’ and home to a number of political prisoners was closed.
148
 
On March 14
th
 2019, President 
                                                           
141
 Uzbek Forum for Human Rights, Failure to Register – Please Submit Again: Uzbek Human Rights NGO Rejected Once More, April 2020, 
https://www.uzbekforum.org/failure-to-register-please-submit-again-uzbek-human-rights-ngo-rejected-once-more/; Uzbek Forum for 
Human Rights, Tricks, Threats and Deception: Registering an NGO in Uzbekistan, March 2020, http://uzbekgermanforum.org/tricks-
threats-and-deception-registering-an-ngo-in-uzbekistan/ 
142
 Ozodlik, Under the President of Uzbekistan, a Public Chamber is being created, April 2020, https://rus.ozodlik.org/a/30560581.html 
https://twitter.com/akmalburhanov/status/1250855810789490688 
143
 HRW, Uzbekistan: Two Brutal Deaths in Custody, August 2002, https://www.hrw.org/news/2002/08/09/uzbekistan-two-brutal-deaths-
custody 
144
 HRW, Charting Progress in Mirziyoyev’s Uzbekistan, October 2019, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/10/07/charting-progress-
mirziyoyevs-uzbekistan 
145
 Eurasianet, Uzbekistan: Scholar imprisoned for espionage absolved and released, September 2019, https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistan-
scholar-imprisoned-for-espionage-absolved-and-released  
146
 HRW, Charting Progress in Mirziyoyev’s Uzbekistan, October 2019, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/10/07/charting-progress-
mirziyoyevs-uzbekistan 
147
 RFE/RL’s Uzbek Service, Uzbek President’s Decree Says Evidence Obtained Though Torture Inadmissible, RFE/RL, December 2017, 
https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-presidential-decree-evidence-from-torture-inadmissible/28890570.html  
148
 Mansur Mirovalev, Uzbekistan closes infamous prison, but experts question motive, Al Jazeera, August 2019, 
https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/uzbekistan-closes-infamous-prison-experts-question-motive-190811101338923.html; 
Farangus Najibullah, Uzbekistan’s ‘House of Torture’, RFE/RL, August 2012, https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistans-house-of-
torture/24667200.html 


Spotlight on Uzbekistan 
32 
 
Mirziyoyev signed into law new provisions mandating the Ombudsman (about which more below) to 
establish a National Preventive Mechanism in relation to Uzbekistan’s international commitments 
under the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or 
Punishment.
149
 However, it has yet to sign the ‘Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture 
and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment’ which sets the international 
benchmarks for how national monitoring mechanisms should operate. The relative relaxation in the 
political environment has facilitated an almost tenfold increase in the number of formal complaints 
to the prosecutor’s office about incidents of torture and mistreatment but the rise in official 
investigations into malpractice has not been commensurate with the increase in complaints 
according to HRW.
150
 Overall most observers believe there has been a significant reduction, though 
not elimination, of the use of torture, though sometimes because more devious methods, including 
pressure on families. The recent deaths of Farrukh Hidirov, where activist have shown pictures 
believed to show evidence of burning and scaring (while the authorities argue that these were 
symptoms of Tuberculosis) and Alijon Abdukarimov (discussed below) suggest that more still needs 
to be done to stamp out this previously endemic scourge.
151
 
 
There are two official bodies with particular roles in addressing human rights in Uzbekistan; the 
Office of the Authorised Person of the Oliy Majlis for Human Rights (Ombudsman) which handles 
complaints from members of the public on human rights issues, and the National Human Rights 
Centre (NHRC), an NGO founded in by Presidential Decree in December 2018 with a focus on 
improving standards, informing legislation and international engagement (PR role).
152
 The 
Ombudsman’s office has been gradually increasing its independence and ability to address more 
challenging issues as the climate of repression lifted. This has included engaging with independent 
campaigners on issues including torture and prison inspection (reporting 138 allegations of torture in 
2019, mostly in prisons).
153
 However, the annual budget of the Ombudsman is currently 
3,600,300,000 soms ($350,000) and it has been seeking international funding to help expand its 
capacity. The NHRC has received significantly more funding in recent years with its government 
funding for 2020 is 7,254,000,000 soms ($715,000) and it plays an active role in promoting the 
progress of the Mirziyoyev reforms to the international community.
154
 
 
Uzbekistan took the opportunity provided by the international goodwill generated by the initial burst 
of reforms to convene host an ‘Asian Forum on Human Rights’ in November 2018 at a convention 
centre in Samarkand, which as HRW noted the event was heavy on international observers and 
Uzbek dignitaries (facilitating dialogue between the two groups) but few independent local activists 
were able to attend.
155
 It had planned to create a follow-up event in May 2020, the Samarkand 
Human Rights Forum, before being postponed due to COVID-19.
156
 The forums form part of 
Uzbekistan’s campaign a seat on the UN Human Rights Council for 2021-23.
157
 
Uzbek Government is 
in negotiations with the UN about the number of UN special rapporteurs able to visit each year, 
building on recent visits but the ability to deliver these visits rely perhaps more on availability and 
global on the UN side than on the Uzbek side. As discussed below Uzbekistan is in the process of 
mounting a bid to join the UN Human Rights Council for 2021-23.  
                                                           
149
 The editor is grateful for input from Penal Reform International in relation to these issues. 
150
 HRW, Uzbekistan: Torture Widespread, Routine, December 2019, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/12/09/uzbekistan-torture-
widespread-routine  
151
Will Nicol, A Torture Scandal Is Prompting Scrutiny For Uzbekistan’s Bid To Host The 2027 Asian Cup, Forbes July 2020, 
https://www.forbes.com/sites/willnicoll/2020/07/03/a-torture-scandal-could-end-uzbekistans-bid-to-host-the-2027-asian-
games/#af5aba824786 
152
 NHRC website: http://nhrc.uz/; Ombudsman website: http://ombudsman.uz/ 
153
 Navbahor Imamova, Twitter Post, Twitter, May 2020, https://twitter.com/Navbahor/status/1266384893703073794?s=20  
154
 Funding figures provided to the FPC in PDF format. 
155
 HRW, Beyond Samarkand: Can Uzbekistan Turn Its Nascent Reform Efforts into a Clear Break with Its Brutal Past?, March 2019, 
https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/03/08/beyond-samarkand 
156
 Asian Forum website: https://asianforum.uz/en 
157
 NHRC, Voluntary Obligations of Uzbekistan, http://nhrc.uz/uz/menu/zbekistonning-ihtierij-mazhburijatlari 


Spotlight on Uzbekistan 
33 
 
 
Despite the identifiable progress there is still much to do before international human rights 
standards are fully met. The case and treatment of former diplomat Kadyr Yusupov was convicted by 
a closed court of treason in January 2020 has rung alarm bells due to allegations of torture, threats 
to his family members and prior mental health issues that included a suicide attempt immediately 
prior to his arrest.
158
 This and other cases show that all though progress has been made in checking 
the power of the security services, including reducing their political threat to the regime, there are 
still credible concerns that some of their arrests are for the purposes of perpetuating their own 
existence at current resourcing levels (by keeping Uzbekistan safe from spies whether real and 
imagined) than meeting the wider needs of Uzbek national security.
159
Campaigners have argued for 
reforms to Article 157 of the Criminal Code, which sets out the criteria for High Treason though in 
practice it will take further reform of the security services and of the courts to reduce the risk of 
national security cases being made on dubious grounds. Further evidence for the need for more 
security service reform has been set out by Amnesty International who have identified a 
sophisticated phishing and spyware campaign to try to monitor a number of Uzbekistani human 
rights activists.
160
  
 
In principle provisions for freedom assembly are enshrined in the constitution and law. However, in 
practice under Karimov protests were virtually prohibited in practice and continue to be difficult to 
organise to this day. While, prior to the COVID-19 lockdown, the Government had become less heavy 
handed in its response to spontaneous public protests, such as over natural gas prices and the 
housing protests mentioned above, attempts to address formal restrictions on freedom of assembly 
have stalled.
161
 In the summer of 2019, the Government consulted on the ‘Draft Law on Rallies, 
Meetings and Demonstrations of the Republic of Uzbekistan’. Following criticism by international 
experts convened by the OSCE/ODIHR that the proposed law was ‘
generally not compliant with 
international human rights standards, and there are a several areas that may be considered 
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