Проблемы современной науки и образования

particular, it is necessary to highlight some approaches defining its nature. 
Being a specific linguistic unit and the object of investigation of a particular linguistic branch, text 
as a concept is considered to be a multi-aspect unit. Nowadays, there is no agreement among linguists 
on the notion of text and on the which class of phenomena, whether linguistic or speech one, it should 
be correlated with. Some researchers examine the grammatical nature of text, whereas others consider 
text as a speech phenomenon, relying, first of all, on its communicative aims. These differences in the 
investigation of the notion of text are found in linguistic and methodological works of well-known 
linguists. 
Professor I.R. Galperin regards text as a speech product, represented in written form, consisting of 
the name (the headline) and the number of specific language units (‘super – phrasal units’), joined by 
different types of lexical, grammatical and stylistic connections. Text is ‘characterized by 
completeness, wholeness and coherence’, thus the researcher indicates grammatical and semantic 
completeness as key characteristics of the text as a special language unit [1, р. 6].
According to the native linguist N. M. Shansky, text is a connection of at least two statements in 
which the minimal act of communication – the transfer of information or the exchange of thoughts 
between partners – can be completed [2, р. 134].
At the same time, V. A. Lukin gives the definition of text as a message that exists in the form of 
such a sequence of signs, that has a formal coherence, meaningful integrity and a formal-semantic 
structure arising on the basis of their interaction [3, р. 17-18]. 
According to V. P. Belyanin, the text is the basic unit of communication, the method of storing and 
transmitting information, the form of culture existence, the product of a certain historical era, and a 
reflection of the individual's life experience [4, р. 97]. 
The notion of ‘text’, according to many researches, cannot be defined only by linguistic means. 
Text is a result of certain type of activity, generally the speech one, whilst A literary text is a result of 
activities aimed at the realization of creative possibilities, abilities and psychological characteristics of 
a person. In the view of the communicative approach text can be defined as a speech product 
conceptually conditioned (having a concept, idea) and communicatively oriented within a certain 
sphere of communication [5, р. 14]. 
The above mentioned definitions show that all researchers strive, first of all, to determine the place 
of the text in the system of language, secondly, to allocate the actual text categories inherent only to 
this linguistic unit. With all the differences of these definitions they have much in common.
Text is considered to be a speech phenomenon, its product and basic unit. Consequently, the text 
production and interpretation occur in the process of reality cognition and communication. Text is usually 
implemented in writing, having its own internal structure and featuring the coherence of its parts. 
The literary text, according to Y.M. Lotman, is a certain model of the world, some message 
emerged in the language of art [6, р. 34]. At the same time L. Y. Ginzburg believes that the literary 
text is formed by the image of the author, their point of view on the object, that is, the author expresses 
their perception of the world in the text of a literary work and gives their assessment of the 
surrounding reality [7, р. 107-108]. 
The literary text implies a number of specific features. These include: 
1) fiction, conventionality and indirectness; 
2) synergetic complexity; a literary text is a complicated system, on the one hand featuring the 
means of a national language, and operating its own coding, seeking for reader`s comprehension, on 
the other one; 
3) integrity of text categories formed by the acquired additional ‘increments of meaning’; 
4) interrelation and interconnection of all text units or isomorphism of all text levels; 
5) the reflexive property of a poetic word, the revival of words` inner forms, the enhanced 
actualization of lexical elements; 
6) the occurrence of implicit meanings; 
7) the influence on the meaning of a literary text and intertextual connections [8, р. 56]; 

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Text linguistics as a special philological discipline was formed in the second half of the 20th 
century. The main task of the text linguistics is ‘to develop, distinguish such categories that 
characterize the essence of the text (for example, the principles of its construction) and make it 
possible to reduce all the diversity of texts to a finite, visible variety of basic types [8, р. 59]. 
The linguistics of a literary text occupies a special position. It deals with the purposeful interaction 
of text units, more often with those occurring on different text levels. The most popular layered 
presentation of text is focused on language stratification with an appropriate selection of the phonetic, 
morphological, lexical and syntactic levels of the text. Due to this fact, different semantic and aesthetic 
functions are realized in it [9, р. 11]. 
Prof. Novikov identifies the following methods of linguistic analysis of a literary text: 
1) linguistic commentary, the main task and the main technique of which is a dictionary or 
interlinear explanation of incomprehensible, of a rare usage, obsolete, special words and expressions, 
grammatical phenomena and other similar language facts (the main object of the analysis is the 
linguistic level of the text, partially – extralinguistic one); 
2) linguo-stylistic analysis, that studies figurative means of a literary text, the aesthetic effect that 
their synthesis gives (the main technique here is the search for a synthesizing principle in the means of 
speech representation); the object here is figure of speech; 
3) comprehensive linguistic analysis, aiming at complex, multifaceted philological study of a 
literary text. The main method of this analysis is the study of the text by defining its figurative poetic 
structure, that is in close unity with the message of the text and the system of figurative language 
means. The category of the author`s image lies in the basis of a synthesis analysis. It cannot but define 
the poetic (compositional) structure of the text, the system of literary images and the way they are 
developing in the plot, specifying the ideological intention of the writing, features of its genre and the 
aesthetic functions [8, р. 84-85]. 
Linguistic analysis identifies the functional role of linguistic units and their forms in speech: the 
appropriateness of the choice of words, the turns of the speech, grammatical forms, in accordance with 
the author's intention, the unique usage of language means in the literary text [9, р. 23]. 
Today there seems to be a compelling need in developing the model of a complex linguistic text 
analysis bringing in the data from other linguistic branches, such as the theories of speech acts and 
genres, stylistics, philosophy and psychology. 
The nowadays linguistic analysis includes the analysis of a literary text – the study of a writing, 
considering it as a historical fact of social thought development, – and a stylistic one – the study of the 
techniques of individual author`s use of language means. Each word and each sign in the text conveys 
information that helps to understand the shades of the general meaning, receive and perceive the 
message, since there are no unintentional details in the literary text that can be neglected or left 
without the analysis.