Job Creation
In the early 1980s, a widely cited study suggested that small businesses are responsible
for creating eight of every ten new jobs in the United States. This contention touched
off considerable interest in the fostering of small business as a matter of public policy.
As we will see, though, relative job growth among businesses of different sizes is not
easy to determine. But it is clear that small business—especially in certain industries—is
an important source of new (and often well-paid) jobs in the United States. According to
the Small Business Administration (SBA), for example, seven of the ten industries that
added the most new jobs in 2007 were in sectors dominated by small businesses. More-
over, small businesses currently account for over one-third of all jobs in high-technology
sectors of the economy.
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Note that new jobs are also being created by small firms specializing in international
business. For example, Bob Knosp operates a small business in Bellevue, Washington,
that makes computerized sign-making systems. Knosp gets over half his sales from
abroad and has dedicated almost 75 percent of his workforce to handling international
sales. Indeed, according to the SBA, small businesses account for 33.5 percent of all U.S.
exporters.
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It is important to note, though, that tracking job gains and losses is very complicated
and somewhat imprecise. For instance, suppose a business eliminates one full-time job
but later replaces it with two part-time jobs. Some statistics would count this as a loss
of one job followed by a gain of two jobs. Similarly, the jobs within a company can
fluctuate when it acquires or sells a business unit. For instance, a few years ago statistics
showed that Halliburton had cut 53,000 jobs. But in reality, these “losses” actually came
when the firm sold its largest subsidiary, KBR. Only a handful of jobs were actually
eliminated; instead, over 50,000 jobs were simply moved to a new firm.
At least one message is clear: Entrepreneurial business success, more than business
size, accounts for most new job creation. Whereas successful retailers such as Walmart
and Starbucks have been growing and adding thousands of new jobs, struggling chains
such as Kmart have been eliminating thousands. Hence, most firms, especially those in
complex and dynamic environments, go through periods of growth when they add new
jobs but also have periods when they cut jobs.
The reality, then, is that jobs are created by entrepreneurial companies of all sizes, all
of which hire workers and all of which lay them off. Although small firms often hire at a
faster rate than large ones, they are likely to eliminate jobs at a far higher rate. Small
firms are also usually the first to hire in times of economic recovery, whereas large
firms are generally the last. Conversely, however, big companies are also the last to lay
off workers during economic downswings.
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