Bounded rationality
suggests that decision makers are limited by their values and
unconscious reflexes, skills, and habits. They are also limited by less-than-complete
information and knowledge. Bounded rationality partially explains how U.S. auto execu-
tives allowed Japanese automakers to get such a strong foothold in the U.S. domestic
market. For years, executives at GM, Ford, and Chrysler compared their companies’ per-
formance only to one another’s and essentially ignored foreign imports. The foreign
“threat” was not acknowledged until the domestic auto market had been changed for-
ever. If managers had gathered—and acknowledged—complete information from the
beginning, they might have been better able to thwart foreign competitors. Essentially,
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