Part Four
Lessons
CHAPTER
NINE
KSM: What Happens When
the Stranger Is a Terrorist?
1.
“My first thought was that he looked like a troll,” James Mitchell remembers. “He was angry, he
was belligerent, he was glaring at me. I’m doing a neutral probe, so I’m talking to him basically
like I’m talking to you. I took the hood off and I said, ‘What would you like me to call you?’”
The man answered in accented English, “Call me Mukhtar. Mukhtar means the brain. I was
the emir of the 9/11 attacks.”
It was March 2003, in a CIA black site somewhere “on the other side of the world,” Mitchell
said. Mukhtar was Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, or KSM, as he was otherwise known—one of the
most senior Al Qaeda officials ever captured. He was naked, hands and feet shackled, yet
defiant.
“They had shaved his head by that point and shaved his beard,” Mitchell said. “But he just
was the hairiest person I’d ever seen in my life, and little, real little. He had a huge, like
Vietnamese pot-bellied pig belly. I thought—this guy killed all those Americans?”
Mitchell has a runner’s build, tall and slender, with longish white hair parted in the middle
and a neatly trimmed beard. He speaks with a mild Southern accent. “I look like some guy’s
uncle,” is how he describes himself, which is perhaps overly self-deprecating. He gives off a
sense of unshakable self-confidence, as if he always gets a good night’s sleep, no matter what he
did to anyone that day, or what anyone did to him.
Mitchell is a psychologist by training. After 9/11, he and a colleague, Bruce Jessen, were
brought in by the CIA because of their special skills in “high stakes” interrogation. Jessen is
bigger than Mitchell, quieter, with a cropped military haircut. Mitchell says he looks like “an
older [Jean-]Claude van Damme.” Jessen does not speak publicly. If you hunt around online, you
can find portions of a videotaped deposition he and Mitchell once gave in a lawsuit arising from
their interrogation practices. Mitchell is unruffled, discursive, almost contemptuous of the
proceedings. Jessen is terse and guarded: “We were soldiers doing what we were instructed to
do.”
Their first assignment, after the towers fell, was to help interrogate Abu Zubaydah, one of the
first high-level Al Qaeda operatives to be captured. They would go on to personally question
many other “high value” suspected terrorists over eight years in a variety of black sites around
the world. Of them all, KSM was the biggest prize.
“He just struck me as being brilliant,” Mitchell recalled. During their sessions, Mitchell would
ask him a question, and KSM would answer: “That’s not the question I would ask. You’ll get an
answer and you’ll find it useful and you’ll think that’s all you need. But really the question I
would ask is this question.” Mitchell says he would then ask KSM’s question of KSM himself,
“and he would give a much more detailed, much more global answer.” KSM would hold forth on
the tactics of terrorist engagement, on his strategic vision, on the goals of jihad. Had he not been
captured, KSM had all manner of follow-ups to 9/11 planned. “His descriptions of the low-tech,
lone-wolf attacks were horrifying,” Mitchell said. “The fact that he sits around and thinks about
economy of scale when it comes to killing people…” He shook his head.
“He completely creeped me out when he was talking about Daniel Pearl. That was the most…
I cried and still do, because it was horrific.” Daniel Pearl was the Wall Street Journal reporter
kidnapped—and then killed—in Pakistan in January 2002. KSM brought up the subject of Pearl
without being asked, then got out of his chair and demonstrated—with what Mitchell thought
was a touch of relish—the technique he had used in beheading Pearl with a knife. “What was
horrific about it was he acted like he had some sort of an intimate relationship with Daniel. He
kept calling him ‘Daniel’ in that voice like they were not really lovers, but they were best friends
or something. It was just the creepiest thing.”
But all that was later—after KSM opened up. In March 2003, when Mitchell and Jessen first
confronted him, tiny and hairy and potbellied, things were very different.
“You’ve got to remember at that particular time [we] had credible evidence that Al Qaeda had
another big wave of attacks coming,” Mitchell said.
There was a lot of chatter. We knew that Osama bin Laden had met with the Pakistani
scientists who were passing out nuclear technology, and [we] knew that the Pakistani
scientists had said to Bin Laden, “The biggest problem is getting the nuclear material.” Bin
Laden had said, “What if we’ve already got it?” That just sent chills through the whole
intelligence community.
The CIA had people walking around Manhattan with Geiger counters, looking for a dirty
bomb. Washington was on high alert. And when KSM was first captured, the feeling was that if
anyone knew anything about the planned attacks, it would be him. But KSM wasn’t talking, and
Mitchell wasn’t optimistic. KSM was a hard case.
The first set of interrogators sent to question KSM had tried to be friendly. They made him
comfortable and brewed him some tea and asked respectful questions. They’d gotten nowhere.
He had simply looked at them and rocked back and forth.
Then KSM had been handed over to someone Mitchell calls the “new sheriff in town,” an
interrogator who Mitchell says crossed the line into sadism—contorting KSM into a variety of
“stress” positions, like taping his hands together behind his back, then raising them up over his
head, so that his shoulders almost popped out. “This guy told me that he had learned his
interrogation approaches in South America from the communist rebels,” Mitchell said. “He got
into a battle of wills with KSM. The new sheriff had this idea that he wanted to be called sir.
That’s all he focused on.” KSM had no intention of calling anyone sir. After a week of trying,
the new sheriff gave up. The prisoner was handed over to Mitchell and Jessen.
What happened next is a matter of great controversy. The methods of interrogation used on
KSM have been the subject of lawsuits, congressional investigations, and endless public debate.
Those who approve refer to the measures as “enhanced interrogation techniques”—EITs. Those
on the other side call them torture. But let us leave aside those broader ethical questions for a
moment, and focus on what the interrogation of KSM can tell us about the two puzzles.
The deceptions of Ana Montes and Bernie Madoff, the confusion over Amanda Knox, the
plights of Graham Spanier and Emily Doe are all evidence of the underlying problem we have in
making sense of people we do not know. Default to truth is a crucially important strategy that
occasionally and unavoidably leads us astray. Transparency is a seemingly commonsense
assumption that turns out to be an illusion. Both, however, raise the same question: once we
accept our shortcomings, what should we do? Before we return to Sandra Bland—and what
exactly happened on that roadside in Texas—I want to talk about perhaps the most extreme
version of the talking-to-strangers problem: a terrorist who wants to hold on to his secrets, and an
interrogator who is willing to go to almost any lengths to pry them free.
2.
Mitchell and Jessen met in Spokane, Washington, where they were both staff psychologists for
the Air Force’s SERE program—Survival, Evasion, Resistance, Escape. All branches of the U.S.
military have their own versions of SERE, which involves teaching key personnel what to do in
the event that they fall into enemy hands.
The exercise would begin with the local police rounding up Air Force officers, unannounced,
and bringing them to a detention center mocked up as an enemy POW camp. “They just stop
them and arrest them,” Mitchell said. “Then they hand them over to whoever’s going to do the
operational-readiness test.”
One exercise involved crews of the bombers that carry nuclear weapons. Everything about
their mission was classified. If they were to crash in hostile territory, you can imagine how
curious their captors would be about the contents of their planes. The SERE program was
supposed to prepare a flight crew for what might happen.
The subjects would be cold, hungry, forced to stand—awake—inside a box for days. Then
came the interrogation. “You would see if you could try and extract that information from them,”
Mitchell said. He says it was “very realistic.” One particularly effective technique developed at
SERE was “walling.” You wrap a towel around someone’s neck to support their head, then bang
them up against a specially constructed wall.
“You do it on a fake wall,” Mitchell explained:
It’s got a clapper behind it and it makes a tremendous amount of noise and there’s a lot of
give, and your ears start swirling. You don’t do it in a way to cause damage to the person. I
mean, it’s like a wrestling mat, only louder. It’s not painful, it’s just confusing. It’s disruptive
to your train of thought, and you’re off balance. Not only physically off balance—I mean,
you’re just off balance.
Mitchell’s responsibility was to help design the SERE program, and that meant he
occasionally went through the training protocol himself. Once, he says, he was part of a SERE
exercise involving one of the oldest tricks in the interrogation business: the interrogator threatens
not the subject, but a colleague of the subject’s. In Mitchell’s experience, men and women react
very differently to this scenario. The men tend to fold. The women don’t.
“If you are a female pilot and they said they were going to do something to the other airman,
the attitude of a lot of them was, ‘It sucks to be you,’” he said. “‘You do your job, I’m going to
do mine. I’m going to protect the secrets. I’m sorry this has happened to you, but you knew this
when you signed up.’” Mitchell first saw this when he debriefed women who had been held as
POWs during Desert Storm.
They would drag those women out and threaten to beat them every time the men wouldn’t
talk. And [the women] were angry at the men for not holding out, and they said, “Maybe I
would have gotten a beating, maybe I would have got sexually molested, but it would have
happened one time. By showing them that the way to get the keys to the kingdom was to drag
me out, it happened every time. So let me do my job. You do your job.”
In the SERE exercise, Mitchell was paired with a woman, a senior-ranking Air Force officer.
Her interrogators said they would torture Mitchell unless she talked. True to form, she said, “I’m
not talking.” Mitchell said:
They put me in a fifty-five-gallon drum that was buried in the ground, put a lid on it, covered
it up with dirt. At the top of the drum, protruding through the lid, was a hose spewing cold
water.…Unbeknownst to me because of the way they positioned me, the drain holes were at
the very top, at the level of my nose.
Slowly the barrel filled with water.
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