n’avoir plus à parler. L’asile est à deux kilomètres du village. J’ai fait le chemin à pied. J’ai voulu
voir maman tout de suite. Mais le concierge m’a dit qu’il fallait que je rencontre le directeur.
il y a trois ans. Vous étiez son seul soutien. » J’ai cru qu’il me reprochait quelque chose et j’ai
A taste of French literature
551
As far as translation is concerned, Camus has been a challenge for translators all over the
world. Stuart Gilbert translated the novel in 1946, four years after the publication. Gilbert’s trans-
lation had a very formal tone not in synch with Camus, influenced by Hemingway, Dos Passos,
who had admitted using an American method for the first part of his book. Other translations
were published; then in 1988, Matthew Ward, a thirty-seven-year-old New Yorker, a graduate of
Stanford University, and a brilliant translator and poet, decided to undertake the translation of
the book he had admired for years. Forty-two years after Gilbert, twenty-six years after the inde-
pendence of Algeria, Matthew Ward had another perception of the world, and he knew he had to
Americanize L’Étranger to be truthful to Camus.
Here’s an example: At one point, the main character, Mersault, observes: Il était avec son
chien. Gilbert, in a conventional manner added an adverbial phrase, stressing the British rela-
tionship between man and animal: As usual, he had his dog with him. Ward, in a straightforward
manner said: He was with his dog, conveying the way a person would be with a friend and pre-
senting a clear picture of the world through Meursault’s eyes. Here the tenses remain the same
but the verb has changed. Students and faculty should take L’Étranger and compare both trans-
lations. It is a feast for the language lovers.
§
What could be further from the precise, austere, almost clinical prose of L’Étranger than the
richly textured, multifaceted, almost synaesthetic nature of Gustave Flaubert’s writing?
Marcel Proust was fascinated by the way Gustave Flaubert used the tenses and was con-
vinced he was the precursor of the Nouveau Roman, a new exploration of the novel in the mid-
1950s. In the Nouvelle Revue Française of January 1920, Proust said:
... dans
L’Éducation sentimentale, la révolution est accomplie; ce qui jusqu’à Flaubert était action
devient impression. Les choses ont autant de vie que les hommes, car c’est le raisonnement qui
après coup assigne à tout phénomène visuel des causes extérieures, mais dans l’impression
première que nous recevons cette cause n’est pas impliquée.
For Proust, Flaubert’s sentences are exceptional because of their rhythmic value and the
bold usage of tenses. Note the mélange of tenses in this passage:
Il voyagea.
Il connut la mélancolie des paquebots, les froids réveils sous la tente, l’étourdissement des
paysages et des ruines, l’amertume des sympathies interrompues.
Il revint.
Il fréquenta le monde, et il eut d’autres amours, encore. Mais le souvenir continuel du pre-
mier les lui rendait insipides; et puis la véhémence du désir, la fleur même de la sensation était
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