The research algorithm for the analysis of the use of P&R parking in Cracow.
The survey questionnaire consisted of several parts. In the survey, respondents answered questions
data that characterized the respondent’s profile: gender, age, education, monthly income, number
characteristics of the respondents’ journeys: average time (minutes) spent traveling during a day,
insignificant; (2)–insignificant; (3)–significant medium; (4)–significant; (5)–very significant,
travel patterns, including such information as: trip purpose (during weekdays and weekends),
solutions that would encourage respondents to use P&R parking during travel.
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The research algorithm for the analysis of the use of P&R parking has been presented in Figure
6. This type of research has been used commonly in transport engineering. The survey questionnaire
content and form were developed based on a broad literature review. The internal consistency of the
questionnaire and its reliability were checked using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α) [56–62]. The
value of this factor was equal to α = 0.738, which confirmed that the constructed survey
questionnaire was a tool that could be used to measure the factors determining the P&R parking use.
The final form of the survey questionnaire was assessed, discussed, and corrected by an expert team
(five independent experts assessed its layout, style, readability, and transparency of questions). To
assess respondents’ answers a five‐point Likert scale was used, from 1 (very insignificant) to 5 (very
significant) [63–65]. The average rating for the questionnaire was received 4.4, which confirmed the
satisfactory validity of the survey questionnaire. In turn, the analysis of factors that may affect the
P&R parking use in travel was performed based on survey results. The researches algorithm for the
analysis of factors that may affect the P&R parking has been presented in Figure 7.
Figure 7. The research algorithm for the analysis of factors that may affect the P&R parking use.
The survey questionnaire consisted of several parts. In the survey, respondents answered
questions about:
Develop a research plan
A broad scientific literature review dedicated
to factors that may affect the parking P&R use
Construction a survey questionnaire content
and form
Conducting analyzes dedicated to the analysis
of factors that may affect the parking P&R use
in travel
Defining the subject of research
Verification of collected surveys
in terms of data completeness
and correctness
Field survey
Collecting data for analysis ‐ surveying
preferences among P&R users in Cracow
Checking the internal consistency
of the questionnaire and its reliability
The assessment and correction of the survey
made by a team of experts
Online survey
Figure 7.
The research algorithm for the analysis of factors that may a
ffect the P&R parking use.
The research was carried out in 2018–2019 among Cracow residents and the surrounding area.
In total, 1354 questionnaires were obtained, of which 1089 were obtained in field studies, while 265 were
obtained from online surveys. In field studies, all persons participating in the survey had previously
agreed to participate in the survey. The survey was conducted on weekdays and weekends in di
fferent
periods of the day in order to obtain a large size and varied answers of the respondents. Due to the
fact that subject of the study were drivers who can use P&R parking, persons with driving license and
traveling by car were examined. In Poland, a driving license is issued to persons from 18 years old,
therefore persons from 18 years old were examined. The random sampling technique was used in
order to select the respondents. In turn, the online survey was developed using the Survio tool that
allows to design survey [
66
].
Collected survey questionnaires were examined in terms of data completeness and correctness
e.g., the survey questionnaires were rejected in which it was found that respondent did not answer all
questions as well as those in which respondents answered the questions e.g., “I do not know” or “I
do not remember”, “I have no opinion of my own”, respondents said that they contained incomplete
information; respondents could not indicate their assessment, respondents indicated that they were
using the P&R system for the first time, etc. A total of 1275 survey questionnaires remained in the
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database as a result of the selection. These data were the basis for analysis. After studying the literature
on the subject, it was found that the logistic regression model was often used to analyze the factors
determining the P&R parking use. The logistic regression model allows examining the influence of
many independent variables (X
k
) on the dependent variable Y. The dependent variable has only two
values and is dichotomous. These two values are coded as 1 and 0, where: value 1 means having a
feature, and 0–no having feature [
67
–
69
]. In connection with the above, based on data obtained from
surveys, an attempt was made to determine the factors determining the P&R parking in Cracow use.
A logistic regression model was used in the modeling process.
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