It was all #FakeNews, of course, but Bernays staged it as a political protest. He knew this
would trigger the appropriate emotions in women across the country. Feminists had won women
the right to vote only nine years earlier. Women were now working outside the home and
becoming more integral to the country’s economic life. They were asserting themselves by
cutting their hair short and wearing racier clothing. This generation of women saw themselves as
the first generation that could behave independently of a man. And many of them felt very
strongly about this. If Bernays could just hitch his “smoking equals freedom” message onto the
women’s liberation movement . . . well, tobacco sales would double and he’d be a rich man.
It worked. Women started smoking, and ever since, we’ve had equal-opportunity lung
cancer.
Bernays went on to pull off these kinds of cultural coups regularly throughout the 1920s,
’30s, and ’40s. He completely revolutionized the marketing industry and invented the field of
public relations in the process. Paying sexy celebrities to use your product? That was Bernays’s
idea. Creating fake news articles that are actually subtle advertisements for a company? All him.
Staging controversial public events as a means to draw attention and notoriety for a client?
Bernays. Pretty much every form of marketing and publicity we’re subjected to today began with
Bernays.
But here’s something else interesting about Bernays: he was Sigmund Freud’s nephew.
Freud was infamous because he was the first modern thinker to argue that it was the Feeling
Brain that was really driving the Consciousness Car. Freud believed that people’s insecurities
and shame drove them to make bad decisions, to overindulge or to compensate for what they felt
they lacked. Freud was the one who realized that we have cohesive identities, stories in our
minds that we tell about ourselves, and that we are emotionally attached to those stories and will
fight to maintain them.
2
Freud argued that, at the end of the day, we are animals: impulsive and
selfish and emotional.
Freud spent most of his life broke. He was the quintessential European intellectual: isolated,
erudite, deeply philosophical. But Bernays was an American. He was practical. He was driven.
Fuck philosophy! He wanted to be rich. And boy, did Freud’s ideas—translated through the lens
of marketing—deliver in a big way.
3
Through Freud, Bernays understood something nobody else
in business had understood before him: that if you can tap into people’s insecurities, they will
buy just about any damn thing you tell them to.
Trucks are marketed to men as ways to assert strength and reliability. Makeup is marketed to
women as a way to be more loved and garner more attention. Beer is marketed as a way to have
fun and be the center of attention at a party.
This is all Marketing 101, of course. And today it’s celebrated as business as usual. One of
the first things you learn when you study marketing is how to find customers’ “pain points” . . .
and then subtly make them feel worse. The idea is that you needle at people’s shame and
insecurity and then turn around and tell them your product will resolve that shame and rid them
of that insecurity. Put another way, marketing specifically identifies or accentuates the
customer’s moral gaps and then offers a way to fill them.
On the one hand, this has helped produce all the economic diversity and wealth we
experience today. On the other hand, when marketing messages designed to induce feelings of
inadequacy are scaled up to thousands of advertising messages hitting every single person, every
single day, there
have to be psychological repercussions to that. And they can’t be good.
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