The Classic Assumption
Once, when asked about his drinking, the musician Tom Waits famously muttered, “I’d rather
have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy.” He appeared to be hammered when he said
it. Oh, and he was on national television.
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The frontal lobotomy is a form of brain surgery wherein a hole is drilled into your skull
through your nose and then the frontal lobe is gently sliced with an icepick.
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The procedure was
invented in 1935 by a neurologist named António Egas Moniz.
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Egas Moniz discovered that if
you took people with extreme anxiety, suicidal depression, or other mental health issues (aka
crises of hope) and maimed their brain in just the right way, they’d chill the fuck out.
Egas Moniz believed that the lobotomy, once perfected, could cure all mental illness, and he
marketed it to the world as such. By end of the 1940s, the procedure was a hit, being performed
on tens of thousands of patients all over the world. Egas Moniz would even win a Nobel Prize
for his discovery.
But by the 1950s, people began to notice that—and this might sound crazy—drilling a hole
through somebody’s face and scraping their brain the same way you clean ice off your
windshield can produce a few negative side effects. And by “a few negative side effects,” I mean
the patients became goddamn potatoes. While often “curing” patients of their extreme emotional
afflictions, the procedure also left them with an inability to focus, make decisions, have careers,
make long-term plans, or think abstractly about themselves. Essentially, they became mindlessly
satisfied zombies. They became Elliots.
The Soviet Union, of all places, was the first country to outlaw the lobotomy. The Soviets
declared the procedure “contrary to human principles” and claimed that it “turned an insane
person into an idiot.”
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This was sort of a wake-up call to the rest of the world, because let’s face
it, when Joseph Stalin is lecturing you about ethics and human decency, you know you’ve fucked
up.
After that, the rest of the world began, slowly, to ban the practice, and by the 1960s, pretty
much everyone hated it. The last lobotomy would be performed in the United States in 1967, and
the patient would die. Ten years later, a drunken Tom Waits muttered his famous line on
television, and the rest, as they say, is history.
Tom Waits was a blistering alcoholic who spent most of the 1970s trying to keep his eyes open
and remember where he last left his cigarettes.
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He also found time to write and record seven
brilliant albums in this period. He was both prolific and profound, winning awards and selling
millions of records that were celebrated worldwide. He was one of those rare artists whose
insight into the human condition could be startling.
Waits’s quip about the lobotomy makes us laugh, but there’s a hidden wisdom to it: that he’d
rather have the problem of passion with the bottle than have no passion at all; that it’s better to
find hope in lowly places than to find none; that without our unruly impulses, we are nothing.
There’s pretty much always been a tacit assumption that our emotions cause all our
problems, and that our reason must swoop in to clean up the mess. This line of thinking goes all
the way back to Socrates, who declared reason the root of all virtue.
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At the beginning of the
Enlightenment, Descartes argued that our reason was separate from our animalistic desires and
that it had to learn to control those desires.
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Kant sort of said the same thing.
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Freud, too,
except there were a lot of penises involved.
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And when Egas Moniz lobotomized his first
patient in 1935, I’m sure he thought he had just discovered a way to do what, for more than two
thousand years, philosophers had declared needed to be done: to grant reason dominion over the
unruly passions, to help humanity finally exercise some damn control over itself.
This assumption (that we must use our rational mind to dominate our emotions) has trickled
down through the centuries and continues to define much of our culture today. Let’s call it the
“Classic Assumption.” The Classic Assumption says that if a person is undisciplined, unruly, or
malicious, it’s because he lacks the ability to subjugate his feelings, that he is weak-willed or just
plain fucked up. The Classic Assumption sees passion and emotion as flaws, errors within the
human psyche that must be overcome and fixed within the self.
Today, we usually judge people based on the Classic Assumption. Obese people are ridiculed
and shamed because their obesity is seen as a failure of self-control. They know they should be
thin, yet they continue to eat. Why? Something must be wrong with them, we assume. Smokers:
same deal. Drug addicts receive the same treatment, of course, but often with the extra stigma of
being defined as criminals.
Depressed and suicidal people are subjected to the Classic Assumption in a way that’s
dangerous, being told that their inability to create hope and meaning in their lives is their own
damn fault, that maybe, if they just tried a little harder, hanging themselves by the necktie
wouldn’t sound so appealing.
We see succumbing to our emotional impulses as a moral failing. We see a lack of self-
control as a sign of a deficient character. Conversely, we celebrate people who beat their
emotions into submission. We get collective hard-ons for athletes and businessmen and leaders
who are ruthless and robotic in their efficiency. If a CEO sleeps under his desk and doesn’t see
his kids for six weeks at a time—fuck yeah, that’s determination! See? Anyone can be
successful!
Clearly, it’s not hard to see how the Classic Assumption can lead to some damaging . . . er,
assumptions. If the Classic Assumption is true, then we should be able to exhibit self-control,
prevent emotional outbursts and crimes of passion, and stave off addiction and indulgences
through mental effort alone. And any failure to do so reflects something inherently faulty or
damaged within us.
This is why we often develop the false belief that we need to change who we are. Because if
we can’t achieve our goals, if we can’t lose the weight or get the promotion or learn the skill,
then that signifies some internal deficiency. Therefore, in order to maintain hope, we decide we
must change ourselves, become somebody totally new and different. This desire to change
ourselves then refills us with hope. The “old me” couldn’t shake that terrible smoking habit, but
the “new me” will. And we’re off to the races again.
The constant desire to change yourself then becomes its own sort of addiction: each cycle of
“changing yourself” results in similar failures of self-control, therefore making you feel as
though you need to “change yourself” all over again. Each cycle refuels you with the hope
you’re looking for. Meanwhile, the Classic Assumption, the root of the problem, is never
addressed or questioned, let alone thrown out.
Like a bad case of acne, a whole industry has sprouted up over the past couple of centuries
around this “change yourself” idea. This industry is replete with false promises and clues to the
secrets of happiness, success, and self-control. Yet all the industry does is reinforce the same
impulses that drive people to feel inadequate in the first place.
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The truth is that the human mind is far more complex than any “secret.” And you can’t
simply change yourself; nor, I would argue, should you always feel you must.
We cling to this narrative about self-control because the belief that we’re in complete control
of ourselves is a major source of hope. We want to believe that changing ourselves is as simple
as knowing what to change. We want to believe that the ability to do something is as simple as
deciding to do it and mustering enough willpower to get there. We want to believe ourselves to
be the masters of our own destiny, capable of anything we can dream.
This is what made Damasio’s discovery with “Elliot” such a big deal: it showed that the
Classic Assumption is wrong. If the Classic Assumption were true, if life were as simple as
learning to control one’s emotions and make decisions based on reason, then Elliot should have
been an unstoppable badass, tirelessly industrious, and a ruthless decision maker. Similarly, if
the Classic Assumption were true, lobotomies should be all the rage. We’d all be saving up for
them as if they were boob jobs.
But lobotomies don’t work, and Elliot’s life was ruined.
The fact is that we require more than willpower to achieve self-control. It turns out that our
emotions are instrumental in our decision making and our actions. We just don’t always realize
it.
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