to refuse my offer to buy you a house because you recognize that it will open up a moral gap that
you will never be able to surmount. You may acknowledge this by saying to me, “Thank you, but
absolutely not. There’s no way for me ever to repay you.”
As with the negative moral gap, with the positive moral gap you will feel indebted to me, that
you “owe me” something, that I deserve something good or that you need to “make it up” to me
somehow. You will have intense feelings of gratitude and appreciation in my presence. You
might even shed a tear of joy. (Aw, reader!)
It’s our natural psychological inclination to equalize across moral gaps, to reciprocate
actions: positive for positive; negative for negative. The forces that impel us to fill those gaps are
our emotions. In this sense, every action demands an equal and opposite emotional reaction.
This is Newton’s First Law of Emotion.
Newton’s First Law is constantly dictating the flow of our lives because it is the algorithm by
which our Feeling Brain interprets the world.
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If a movie causes more pain than it relieves, you
become bored, or perhaps even angry. (Maybe you even attempt to equalize by demanding your
money back.) If your mother forgets your birthday, maybe you equalize by ignoring her for the
next six months. Or, if you’re more mature, you communicate your disappointment to her.
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If
your favorite sports team loses in a horrible way, you will feel compelled to attend fewer games,
or to cheer for them less. If you discover you have a talent for drawing, the admiration and
satisfaction you derive from your competence will inspire you to invest time, energy, emotion,
and money into the craft.
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If your country elects a bozo whom you can’t stand, you will feel a
disconnect with your nation and government and even other citizens. You will also feel as
though you are owed something in return for putting up with terrible policies.
Equalization is present in every experience because the drive to equalize is emotion itself.
Sadness is a feeling of powerlessness to make up for a perceived loss. Anger is the desire to
equalize through force and aggression. Happiness is feeling liberated from pain, while guilt is the
feeling that you deserve some pain that never arrived.
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This desire for equalization underlies our sense of justice. It’s been codified throughout the
ages into rules and laws, such as the Babylonian king Hammurabi’s classic “an eye for an eye,
and a tooth for a tooth,” or the biblical Golden Rule, “Do unto others what you would have done
unto you.” In evolutionary biology, it’s known as “reciprocal altruism,”
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and in game theory,
it’s called a “tit for tat” strategy.
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Newton’s First Law generates our sense of morality. It underlies our perceptions of fairness.
It is the bedrock of every human culture. And . . .
It is the operating system of the Feeling Brain.
While our Thinking Brain creates factual knowledge around observation and logic, the
Feeling Brain creates our values around our experiences of pain. Experiences that cause us pain
create a moral gap within our minds, and our Feeling Brain deems those experiences inferior and
undesirable. Experiences that relieve pain create a moral gap in the opposite direction, and our
Feeling Brain deems those experiences superior and desirable.
One way to think about it is that the Thinking Brain makes lateral connections between
events (sameness, contrasts, cause/effect, etc.), while the Feeling Brain makes hierarchical
connections (better/worse, more desirable/less desirable, morally superior/morally inferior).
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Our Thinking Brain thinks horizontally (how are these things related?), while our Feeling Brain
thinks vertically (which of these things is better/worse?). Our Thinking Brain decides how things
are, and our Feeling Brain decides how things ought to be.
When we have experiences, our Feeling Brain creates a sort of value hierarchy for them.
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It’s as though we have a massive bookshelf in our subconscious where the best and most
important experiences in life (with family, friends, burritos) are on the top shelf and the least
desirable experiences (death, taxes, indigestion) are on the bottom. Our Feeling Brain then makes
its decisions by simply pursuing experiences on the highest shelf possible.
Both brains have access to the value hierarchy. While the Feeling Brain determines what
shelf something is on, the Thinking Brain is able to point out how certain experiences are
connected and to suggest how the value hierarchy should be reorganized. This is essentially what
“growth” is: reprioritizing one’s value hierarchy in an optimal way.
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For example, I once had a friend who was probably the hardest partier I’d ever known. She
would stay out all night and then go straight to work from the party in the morning, with zero
hours of sleep. She thought it lame to wake up early or stay home on a Friday night. Her value
hierarchy went something like this:
Really awesome DJs
Really good drugs
Work
Sleep
One could predict her behavior solely from this hierarchy. She’d rather work than sleep.
She’d rather party and get fucked up than work. And everything was about the music.
Then she did one of those volunteer abroad things, where young people spend a couple of
months working with orphans in a Third World country and—well, that changed everything. The
experience was so emotionally powerful that it completely rearranged her value hierarchy. Her
hierarchy now looked something like this:
Saving children from unnecessary suffering
Work
Sleep
Parties
And suddenly, as if by magic, the parties stopped being fun. Why? Because they interfered
with her new top value: helping suffering kids. She switched careers and was all about work
now. She stayed in most nights. She didn’t drink or do drugs. She slept well—after all, she
needed tons of energy to save the world.
Her party friends looked at her and pitied her; they judged her by their values, which were
her old values. Poor party girl has to go to bed and get up for work every morning. Poor party
girl can’t stay out doing MDMA every weekend.
But here’s the funny thing about value hierarchies: when they change, you don’t actually lose
anything. It’s not that my friend decided to start giving up the parties for her career, it’s that the
parties stopped being fun. That’s because “fun” is the product of our value hierarchies. When we
stop valuing something, it ceases to be fun or interesting to us. Therefore, there is no sense of
loss, no sense of missing out when we stop doing it. On the contrary, we look back and wonder
how we ever spent so much time caring about such a silly, trivial thing, why we wasted so much
energy on issues and causes that didn’t matter. These pangs of regret or embarrassment are good;
they signify growth. They are the product of our achieving our hopes.
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