Self-governing and independent membership: a critical and defining feature of
professional associations is that their operations are independent of formal public
authority and are guided by members themselves. This combination is critically
important to their effectiveness – professional associations provide an indepen-
dent source of authority for the actions of their members other than the state or
the private market. This authority derives from the professional qualifications of
the members themselves. This helps meet the status needs of senior officials, and
provides resources to counteract political pressures and assure independence and
accountability.
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