154
Table 5.15: MEANS Table for aspects of leadership and management
Item
n obs
Mean
minimum
maximum
std dev
Cost efficiency
23
1.6522
1.0000
3.0000
0.5728
Value-for- money
23
1.6818
1.0000
3.0000
0.5679
Auditing 23
2.2273
1.0000
4.0000
0.7516
Performance indicators
23
1.8182
1.0000
4.0000
0.8528
Intellectual development
23
1.3478
1.0000
3.0000
0.5728
Professionalism 23
1.2174
1.0000
3.0000
0.5184
Collaboration 23
1.3478
1.0000
3.0000
0.5728
Egalitarian collegiality 23
1.4783 1.0000 3.0000 0.6653
Performance 23
1.5909
1.0000
3.0000
0.6661
Employment equity
23
1.6522
1.0000
3.0000
0.7751
Social justice, equity
23
1.7391
1.0000
3.0000
0.8100
Efficiency, Individualism
23
1.8696
1.0000
4.0000
0.9197
Inspirational vision
23
1.3913
1.0000
3.0000
0.5830
Integrity, persistence
23
1.2174
1.0000
3.0000
0.5184
Creativity, autonomy
23
1.3478
1.0000
3.0000
0.5728
Power sharing
23
1.5652
1.0000
2.0000
0.5069
Delegating responsibilities 23
1.6087
1.0000
3.0000
0.5830
Broaden teaching approaches 23
1.7727
1.0000
3.0000
0.6119
Flexible programme
entry/exit
23 2.5714
1.0000
4.0000
0.8701
Acknowledge prior learning
23
2.3810
1.0000
4.0000
0.8646
Selective
admissions policies
23
2.5455
1.0000
4.0000
0.9117
Student preparation
business/industry
23 1.7143
1.0000
4.0000
0.9024
Continual learning culture
23
1.5909
1.0000
3.0000
0.6661
Academic development
programmes
23 1.6818
1.0000
3.0000
0.5679
155
Table 5.16: Table for ordered combined frequencies for aspects of leadership and
management
frequency
cumulative
frequency
Power sharing
23 23
Collaboration
22 45
Cost efficiency
22 67
Creativity, autonomy
22 89
Delegating responsibilities
22 111
Inspirational vision
22 133
Integrity, personal example and persistence
22 155
Intellectual development
22 177
Professionalism
22 199
Academic development programmes
21 220
Egalitarian collegiality
21 241
Value for money
21 262
Broaden teaching approaches
20 282
Continual learning culture
20 302
Performance
20 322
Employment equity
19 341
Performance indicators
18 359
Social justice, equity
18 377
Efficiency, individualism
17 394
Student preparation business/industry
17 411
Auditing
15 426
Acknowledge prior learning
14 440
Flexible programme entry/exit
12 452
Selective admissions policies
10 462
An examination of the general frequency table (Table 5.14) shows that the features of
leadership and management listed on the questionnaire were generally considered
important to the leadership and management of departments. Participants perceived as
‘very important’ the aspects of ‘power sharing’, ‘professionalism’, ‘integrity, personal
example and persistence’, whereas ‘programme entry/exit’, that is programmes designed
with flexible entry and exit points, ‘recognition of prior learning’ and ‘selective
admissions policies’ were not seen as ‘very important’. It appears from these results that
participants ascribe more importance to leadership and
management aspects directly
156
related to them as individuals rather than to those outside their ambit such as issues of
‘selective admissions policies’ . Upon examination of the MEANS (Table 5.15), it
appears that the above trend is sustained. The aspects of ‘professionalism’, and ‘integrity,
personal example and persistence’ are perceived as ‘very important, (mean=1.2174 for
both), whereas ‘flexible programme entry/exit’ and ‘selective admissions policies’ are not
regarded as ‘important’ (means=2.5714 and 2.5455 respectively). The rank ordered
combined frequencies (Table 5.16) brings the leadership and management aspect of
‘power sharing’ to the top of the list of ‘important’ aspects, with all 23(100%)
participants agreeing on its importance. This is not surprising, given that women in
positions of power are generally predisposed to sharing power and information (cf 2.3.2).
Following closely in order of importance with a combined ordered frequency of 22
(95.6%) are the aspects of ‘collaboration’, ‘cost-efficiency’ ‘creativity’, ’autonomy’,
‘delegating responsibilities’, ‘inspirational vision’ and ‘intellectual development’. It is
interesting to not that ‘delegating responsibilities’ is perceived as an important aspect of
leadership and management consistent with Lumby’s (2003:287) observation on what
constitutes leadership. She writes:
Leadership is created partly by the conscious delegation or ad hoc dispersal of
responsibility for tasks and partly by the way in which the resulting activities are
executed.
The lowest ranked aspects are ‘selective admissions policies’ and ‘auditing’. However,
this is not surprising given that these functions are normally performed by other
departments in the institution.
5.2.4.6 Tasks and functions
Several authors have described the roles and responsibilities of heads of academic
departments. The most
prominent on this subject, among others, is (Tucker 1984, Moses
& Roe 1990). Although the responsibilities, tasks and functions they describe may differ
in importance and emphasis from discipline to discipline (Robinson 1996), the person
157
responsible for carrying them out is expected to effectively accomplish the goals and
objectives of the department and the institution (Tucker 1984).
On the questionnaire, participants had to indicate the degree of importance to their
current position of a given list of tasks and functions. The results are shown in Tables
5.17, 5.8 and 5.19. A mean value close to one implies a specific skills-concept rated as
important. A mean value close to five implies a specific skills-concept rated as not
important.
Table 5.17: Frequency Table for importance of tasks and functions
Tasks and Functions
Frequency
very
important
important
neutral
not very
important
not important Total
Staff recruitment/selection
17
5 0
0 0 22
Promotion recommendations
18
2 2
0 0 22
Performance appraisal
16
6 0
0 0 22
Student recruitment
6 8 5
1 1 21
Seek external funding
9 8 5
0 0 22
Manage budget/resources
11
8 3
0 0 22
Foster good teaching
13
7 2
0 0 22
Promote staff development
14
8 0
0 0 22
Accreditation programmes
7 8 3
3 1 22
Market new programmes
6 8 4
4 0 22
Conduct dept meetings
10
7 3
2 0 22
Maintaining student database
7 6 5
1 2 21
Manage teaching/research
8 8 5
0 1 22
Report back to top management
16
6 1
0 0 23
Acquire management resources
10
6 5
0 0 21
Future departmental planning
16
5 1
0 0 22
Employment equity
11
8 2
1 0 22
Link to external groups
13
8 1
1 0 23
Record keeping assessment/auditing
7 8 4
2 1 22
Assign teaching responsibilities
7 10
4
0 1 22
Total
222 140 55
15 7
439
Frequency missing = 21
158
Table 5.18: MEANS Table for tasks and functions
Analysis variable : skills
Item
n obs
mean
minimum
Maximum
std dev
Staff recruitment/selection 23
1.2273
1.0000
2.0000
0.4289
Promotion recommendations
23
1.2727
1.0000
3.0000
0.6311
Performance appraisal
23
1.2727
1.0000
2.0000
0.4558
Student recruitment
23
2.1905
1.0000
5.0000
1.0779
Seek external funding
23
1.8182
1.0000
3.0000
0.7950
Manage budget/resources
23
1.6364
1.0000
3.0000
0.7267
Foster good teaching
23
1.5000
1.0000
3.0000
0.6726
Promote staff development 23
1.3636
1.0000
2.0000
0.4924
Accreditation programmes 23
2.2273
1.0000
5.0000
1.1925
Market
new programmes
23
2.2727
1.0000
4.0000
1.0771
Conduct dept. meetings
23
1.8636
1.0000
4.0000
0.9902
Maintaining student database
23
2.2857
1.0000
5.0000
1.2705
Manage teaching/research
23
2.0000
1.0000
5.0000
1.0235
Report back to top management
23
1.3478
1.0000
3.0000
0.5728
Acquire management resources
23
1.7619
1.0000
3.0000
0.8309
Future departmental planning
23
1.3182
1.0000
3.0000
0.5679
Employment equity
23
1.6818
1.0000
4.0000
0.8387
Link to external groups
23
1.5652
1.0000
4.0000
0.7878
Record keeping assessment/auditing
23
2.1818
1.0000
5.0000
1.1396
Assign teaching responsibilities 23 2.0000
1.0000
5.0000
0.9759
159
Table 5.19: Table for ordered combined frequencies for tasks and functions
Item
frequency
cumulative
frequency
Performance appraisal
22 22
Promote staff development
22 44
Report back to top management
22 66
Staff recruitment/selection
22 88
Future departmental planning
21 109
Link to external groups
21 130
Foster good teaching
20 150
Promotion recommendations
20 170
Employment equity
19 189
Manage budget/resources
19 208
Assign teaching responsibilities
17 225
Conduct dept meetings
17 242
Seek external funding
17 259
Acquire management resources
16 275
Manage teaching/research
16 291
Accreditation programmes
15 306
Record keeping assessment/auditing
15 321
Market new programmes
14 335
Student recruitment
14 349
Maintaining student database
13 362
By studying the general frequency table (Table 5.17), it appears that participants are in
general agreement on the importance of the tasks and functions to their position as
evidenced by the combined totals of ‘very important’ and ‘important’ responses. Tasks
and functions to do with ‘staff recruitment/selection’, ‘performance appraisal’ and
‘promoting staff development’ were regarded as most important. This observation is
confirmed in the MEANS analysis (Table 5.18), where tasks and functions each have a
mean closest to one (1). The rank ordered tasks and functions (Table 5.19) also confirms
the trend already observed in the previous two tables. In addition, ‘reporting back to top
management’ emerges as another important task and function. Altogether four tasks and
functions are regarded by the HoDs as important in their current position. These are
already listed above. The following tasks and functions are at the bottom of the
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