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that values change, empowerment and relationships and [thus] requires
managers to
become effective leaders (Daft 2005:15-16).
The context in which universities operate today is being rapidly altered by changes in
technology, increasing international competition and globalisation of the economy
(2.3.2). As a result, there is a demand for new skills and fresh ways of working which
require innovative abilities from the new leaders and managers (2.3.2). Innovative
communication skills are required as well as managers who are flexible and adaptable
enough to thrive in constantly changing environments (2.3.2). Many of these changes in
approach, attitudes, and ways of working (2.3.2) are more likely to be applicable to
women managers than to male managers. Studies, which have examined women
managers and effective ways of managing in the
changing environment, have found
common traits. Women leaders are often described as empathetic, supportive,
relationship-building, power-sharing, information sharing, co-operative, collaborative,
fair, team-oriented, task oriented, committed, honest, good communicators, consultative
and conciliatory and so on (2.3.2). These qualities describe ‘female leadership style’.
Although the ‘male script’ of leadership and by association, ‘leadership style’ is still
firmly entrenched in organisations, with universities being the main culprits of male
hegemony (2.3.2), it is now being acknowledged that the female
style of leadership may
indeed be what today’s organisations require. For instance, it has been found that women
leaders have a propensity for transformational leadership styles. This would probably
make them more suitable leaders in the new corporate, academic environment in which
emphasis is on team-work and the pursuit of fresh values and visions (2.3.3). Women
managers are said to be persuasive, influential and charismatic and make extensive use of
interpersonal skills (2.3.2). Moreover leadership in this century demands the type of skills
commonly associated with women, such as, alternative ways of problem-solving and
dealing with conflict.
The job of HoD is associated with numerous roles and responsibilities. These have
probably changed, over time, from concern for the individual welfare of faculty to
creating successful working synergy among department personnel as well as from being
an advocate for department desires to linking the work of the department to
the broader
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institution and external audience (2.4.2.1 i). As the first line administrator, the HoD
becomes the key link between the administration of the institution, the department,
academic staff, support staff and students. She is expected to give the discipline its
specific institutional shape, texture or colour (2.4.2.1 i) and to provide intellectual
leadership. At the same time the HoD is expected to facilitate and encourage the work of
the individual and of the group, to serve the group by embracing their values and goals as
well as being a leader who inspires and directs by creating a positive climate within the
department. She is also expected to attract resources and manage conflict especially
during times of change. The new HoD faces many transitions, such as, shifting from
specialist to generalist, from focusing on one’s discipline to representing a
broader range
of inquiries within the department, and from being an individual to looking at the whole
departmental operation (2.4.2.5).
Although statistics show a positive trend toward the representation of women in the
academe (3.2), the situation is different when it comes to women’s representation in
higher academic ranks and in senior management (see 1.1, 3.2.1 & Tables 3.4, 3.6).
Obstacles still exist. However, there are strategies that, women themselves and
institutions can adopt to overcome and dismantle these obstacles (3.3.2.2). It is apparent
that much still needs to be done. Therefore a cross-sectional survey research approach
employing both quantitative (questionnaire) and qualitative (interview) data collection
methods was chosen to conduct an exploratory and descriptive study of the lived
experiences of thirty two female HoDs in universities in South Africa and the UK (4.4).
The women were selected by purposeful sampling and data were collected by means of
structured pre-coded questionnaires which were sent by overland post and semi-
structured focus group interviews conducted using VConf-FGI (4.4). Quantitative and
narrative data were gathered and subjected to frequency analyses and ‘topic oriented’
qualitative analysis involving
identification of, and organisation according to, key themes
(4.4.2.5, 4.4.2.6 & 4.4.3.5, 4.4.3.6). Demographic, employment, department and staffing
profiles were gathered and discussed (5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.2.3 & 5.3.2). Key topics in the
survey and the interviews related to career profile/prior experience; skills; roles and
responsibilities; job challenges; perceptions of role; tasks and functions were presented
and discussed (5.2 & 5.3) Emerging themes from these topics were synthesised and
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discussed (5.3.3). Significant findings which emerged from the
quantitative and
qualitative investigations were synthesised, and interpreted in relation to the research
questions and aims posed at the beginning of the study (6.2). These resulted in
conclusions (6.3) and recommendations concerning women, policy, and research (6.4) in
academic institutions.
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