While it’s largely acknowledged, especially in the liberal oriented literature, that the
better development and economic growth of a country, there are also less optimistic
considerations of the “other side of the coin” telling to take with care the increasing
probability and speed of shocks’ transfer from one side of the planet to another. In this
situation, institutions, at all their levels and in the large sense, are supposed to control the
transmission channels: opening them for technology and knowledge transfer to enhance the
economic development and thus the security of their country; but when an external shock
presents, not permitting or more realistically, minimizing its impact. They have to provide the
The fist role of every institution is to provide necessary information and “the rules of
the game” to all economic agents in order to assist the development of considered country
and, of course, to insure its independence and security in the most large sense. In the present
situation of financial and, more generally, systemic crisis, their impact on the economy’s
evolution is even more important. Additionally, for a country in transition the role of State
institutions has an even more deep impact on the overall economic structure. This increased
role can be explained by the weight of past history of this type of countries, where for a more
or less long period of time the State was controlling every aspect of economic activity. The
specificity of transition countries is that they were not gradually participating to the process of
globalization and thus the private agents had less time that their colleagues in developed
countries to do the necessary learning. For all these reasons, State institutions have the
dominant role in insuring the economic security of countries in transition, even more than in
8
developed countries, where the laws and regulation play, of course, an important part in the
well-functioning of the economy.
The construction of the new institutional web adapted to the condition of the new
world economy is a hard task for all transition countries, as it is underlined by a certain
number of different authors (for example, A. Sánchez-Andrés and J. M. March-Poquet, 2002
or R. Pomfret, 2003 and others). This first problem consists of catching-up the norms and
rules of institutions customary to developed countries.
Also, considering formal State institutions we must remember how they can influence
the informal ones: the behavior of agents can be a very important factor in the crisis times.
For example, panic effects or on the contrary the steady belief in the government’s actions can
in both ways each affect the reality. However, in the limits of this study and to simplify we
can consider only the formal State institutions, bearing in mind, their again increased
importance due to the absence of training and experience of the private agents.
There are different types of institutions classifications, from the largely known
distinction between formal and informal ones (see for example, D. North, 1981) or a more
simple between local, international and the regional ones. These institutions are deeply
interconnected and they should normally constitute a more or less complex institutional
system of a country or a region that can be analyzed as a whole: the State. The existence and
diversity of different forms of State institutions (from laws and regulations to ministries and
agencies, sovereign funds, etc.) can be regarded as a tool of the economic policy. In case of
the Republic of Kazakhstan, for the financial sector, we can identify following most important
formal institutions: regulations and laws from Ministry of Economy, National Bank, Agency
of Regulation and Control of Financial Market, Mortgage Guarantee Fund and Mortgage
Company. The sovereign fund – National Fund – is standing apart, but has a deep influence
on the system’s stability, especially during crisis times. The sovereign fund together with the
National Bank reserves can be perceived as the indicator of confidence in the government
actions and its degrees of freedom.
The provided example shows how many (and the list is very incomplete) institutional
actors are involved in the resolution of a problem: minimizing the impact of the external
crisis. Their actions must be coordinated and have the same goal - to be efficient. This is yet
another problem for the relatively new institutions in the transitions countries: they have less
experience of interaction, thus they require more attention. More importantly, this example
shows how specific each institutional system is.
The recent example of the global financial crisis touching the Republic of Kazakhstan
at first in the summer 2007 and the first actions of concerned authorities demonstrates the role
of institutions in terms of insurance. For example, in the case of Russia and Kazakhstan, a
specific national institution such as the sovereign fund, was seen at the beginning as the
ultimate financial resource, providing temporarily the insurance of the possibility to minimize
the crisis impact in these countries.
The most important conclusion, which was already stressed by many authors who
studied transition countries, (see for example J.E. Stiglitz, 2002), is the importance of
adaptability of institutions to regional and countries specificities. In addition, recent crises,
and in the case of our study, global financial crisis which have a deep impact on the other
sectors of economic activity, add a new perspective: all institutions should be in a constant
process of adaptation to the changes in the world economy and its challenges. More
specifically, it means that there is no absolute model of a right institution for all times, but that
the evolution must be constant and that, in analyzing the role and the efficiency of institutions
,
we must have a dynamic perspective.
In times of crisis, the next problem that institutions (having the role of providing
insurance, especially in the financial sector) are very likely to face, is the lack of credibility.
9
As it was described before, the international institutions, at least for now, do not have a
positive solution to control global financial crisis. We can also expect that
,
at the lower level,
national institutions will be not sufficient to regulate efficiently such large inflows at this
advanced stage of global integration. The second main problem (after the constant
adaptability challenge) for the formal national State institutions is the frequent lack of
credibility at the national and international levels, which sometimes can constitute a sort of
vicious circle. Therefore, the institutional credibility is one of the most important factors for
the economic stability and so for the economic security of a country. When the global
institutions do not have a solution or are too large to regulate the channels of crisis
transmission, and the national institutions are regarded as not credible and not able to provide
(for real or unfounded reasons) the needed insurance of economic and social stability, the
regional institutions can be, in some cases, useful and efficient in controlling financial flows
and can also give the necessary credibility to national institutions to help them in performing
their task.
In conclusion for this section, we can add that, while this problem of credible
institutions is more important for the studied case of developing countries and particularly for
the countries in transition with a heavy historical weight of a large former State control, all
countries need their institutions to be seen as credible by all agents for efficient functioning.
That is why, as mentioned at the beginning, the number of industrialized countries is now
developing regional institutions, which have yet to play their role, even if, as it was stated by
M. Kahler (2004), national institutions will remain the most important regulator for the whole
economic activity.
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