62 Action verbs and state verbs
PAGE 79
Most action verbs refer to physical actions, but some are verbs of reporting (say) or
verbs of thinking (decide). State verbs express meanings such as being, having,
opinions and feelings.
2 We can use action verbs with the continuous, but state verbs are not normally
continuous.
We are decorating the flat, but NOT We are owning the flat.
Some state verbs cannot be passive. • 104(6b)
3 Some verbs have different meanings. One meaning can be an action and another
meaning can be a state.
Actions States
We're having lunch now. We have a big kitchen.
(action-'eating') (state-'own')
We're thinking about moving. I think we ought to move.
(action - 'deciding') (state - 'believe')
Jeff tasted the soup. The soup tasted like water.
expect/expecting trouble expect so (= believe)
imagine/imagining the result imagine so (= believe)
care/caring for the sick not care what happens
admire/admiring the view admire someone's courage
(= looking at it with pleasure) (= approve of)
look/looking at a picture look lovely
smell/smelling the powder smell strange
appear/appearing in a film appear perfectly calm
measure/measuring the door measure two metres
weigh/weighing the luggage weigh ten kilos
fit/fitting a new switch fit perfectly
cost/costing a project cost a lot of money
We can use the continuous with some state verbs if we see something as active
thinking or feeling for a period of time, rather than a permanent attitude.
I love holidays. (permanent attitude)
I'm loving every minute of this holiday. (active enjoyment)
Here are some more examples.
How are you liking the play? ~ Well, it's all right so far.
We were expecting visitors. You're looking pleased with yourself.
This holiday is costing me a lot. I'm hoping to get a job.
Be can be an action verb meaning 'behave'. • 84(3)
The dog was being a nuisance, so we shut him out.
NOTE
a Mean (= have the meaning) is always a state verb.
What does this word mean?
b Enjoy expresses an action.
I'm enjoying the party. NOT I enjoy the party.
8 THE VERB PHRASE
PAGE 80
PAGE 81
62 Action verbs and state verbs
5 Some verbs always express states and so cannot be continuous.
At the moment the building contains some old machinery.
I know the town quite well now.
These verbs are belong to, consist of, contain, depend on, deserve, desire, know,
matter, own, possess, prefer, seem.
NOTE
The expression get to know can be continuous.
I'm getting to know the town quite well.
6 Hurt, ache and feel can be simple or continuous with little difference in meaning.
My arm hurt/was hurting. I feel/I'm feeling depressed.
7 We often use can and could for perceptions.
I can see something under the sofa.
We could hear music. 1 can smell something burning.
Sam could feel the weight of the rucksack.
We do not normally use the continuous. NOT I'm seeing something.
We can use the past simple when the thing that we saw or heard was a complete
action.
We saw a magnificent sunset.
Tom heard the whole story.
They felt the building shake.
Smell, taste and feel as action verbs express a deliberate action.
Steve picked up the bottle and smelted the milk.
When we arrived, people were already tasting the wine.
Judy was feeling her way in the dark.
NOTE
a See (= meet) is an action verb, and see (= understand) is a state verb.
I'm seeing the doctor in half an hour.
You put the cassette in here, like this. ~ Oh, I see.
b Look (at something), watch and listen are action verbs.
We looked/We were looking at the sunset.
c Feel (= believe) is a state verb.
I feel we should discuss the matter.
PAGE 82
9
Verb tenses and aspects
63 Summary
A finite verb phrase is present tense or past tense. It can also have perfect aspect
(have+ past participle) or continuous aspect (be + ing-form). The tenses and
aspects can combine in the following ways.
Present continuous and present simple • 64
We are playing cards now.
We play in the orchestra every week.
Present perfect and past simple • 65
We have played two games already.
We played tennis yesterday.
Past continuous • 6 6
We were playing cards at the time.
Present perfect continuous • 67
We have been playing cards all evening.
Past perfect and past perfect continuous • 68
We had played the game before then.
We had been playing for ages.
OVERVIEW:
uses of tenses and aspects • 69
Each of the eight forms above has a different meaning, depending on such things
as the time and length of an action, and how the speaker sees it.
64 Present continuous and present simple
MACBETH
Andrew: What are you reading?
Sadie: 'Macbeth'. We're doing it in English. Our class is going to the theatre to see
it next week. Mr Adams is taking us.
Andrew: What's it about?
Sadie: Well Macbeth murders the King of Scotland. But it doesn't do him any
good.
Andrew: Mr Davis takes us for English. We aren't doing Shakespeare though.
Sadie: Mr Adams loves Shakespeare. He's always quoting bits at us. Shakespeare
is England's greatest writer, he says.
1 Form
Present continuous: Present simple:
present of be + active participle base form/s-form
I am reading
you/we/they are reading I/you/we/they read
he/she it is reading he/she/it reads
Negative
I am not reading
you/we/they are not reading I/you/we they do not read
he/she/it is not reading he/she/it does not read
Questions
am I reading?
are you/we/they reading? do I/you/we/they read?
is he/she it reading? does he/she/it read?
PAGE 83
64 Present continuous and present simple
In present simple questions and negatives we use do/does and the base form of
the verb.
NOT He does not reads and NOT Does he reads?
NOTE
a There are some spelling rules for the participle.
Leaving out e: lose losing • 292(1)
Doubling of some consonants: stop stopping • 293
b There are some spelling rules for the s-form.
Adding es after a sibilant sound: push pushes • 290(1)
Y changing to ie: hurry hurries • 294
c For pronunciation of the s/es ending, • 290(3).
2 Use
a An action continuing for a period
We use the present continuous for a present action over a period of time, something
that we are in the middle of now. The action has started but it hasn't finished yet.
What are you reading? 'Macbeth'. ~ It's raining now, look.
Hurry up. Your friends are waiting for you. I'm just ironing this shirt.
Some typical time expressions with the present continuous are now, at the
moment, at present, just, already and still.
We need not be doing the action at the moment of speaking.
I'm reading an interesting book. I can't remember what it's called.
We'd better get home. We're decorating the living-room at the moment.
b A state
We normally use the present simple for a present state: a feeling, opinion or
relation.
Mr Adams loves Shakespeare. I think it's a good idea.
Who knows the answer? This book belongs to my sister.
Silicon is a chemical element. York lies on the River Ouse.
NOTE
We use the present simple for permanent states. With temporary states, states which go on
only for a short time, we can sometimes use the present continuous. For details, • 62.
The weather looks/is looking better today.
9 VERB TENSES AND ASPECTS PAGE 84
c Repeated actions
We use the present simple for repeated actions such as routines and habits, things
that happen again and again. We see the series of actions as permanent, without end.
Bob works in Avonmouth. He usually drives to work.
We do lots of things in our spare time.
I don't often see Sarah.
The old man takes the dog for a walk every morning.
Typical time expressions with the present simple are always, often, usually,
sometimes, ever/never; every day/week etc; once/twice a week etc; on Friday(s) etc; in
the morning(s)/evening(s), at ten o'clock etc.
We also use the present simple for permanent facts, things that always happen.
Food gives you energy. Paint dries quicker in summer.
But we use the present continuous when a series of actions is temporary, only for a
period of time.
My car's off the road. I'm travelling to work by bus this week.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |