will steal them while you are playing tennis or whatever. A few years ago, police
in a Yorkshire town were informed by a local sports club that all kinds of things
kept disappearing from the men's changing room, and the club were anxious to
stop it. 'This has gone on for too long,' said the club chairman.
The police took immediate action. They installed a secret video camera so that
they could find out what was happening, and a few days later they played back
the video at police headquarters, eager to see the thief filmed in the act. All it
showed, however, was a naked policeman, a member of the club, looking for his
clothes, which had been stolen.
PAGE 75
8 THE VERB PHRASE
1 Verbs have the following forms.
Regular verbs Irregular verbs
Base form play steal find
S-form plays steals finds
Past form played stole found
Ing-form playing stealing finding
Past/passive participle played stolen found
2 Some of the verb forms have more than one use.
Base form: Imperative Play tennis with me.
Present tense You play very well.
Infinitive I'd like to play.
S-form: Present tense Simon plays very well.
(3rd person singular)
Past form: Past tense . They played back the film.
Ing-form: Gerund Playing tennis is fun.
Active participle You're playing very well.
Past/passive Past participle They've played back the film.
participle: Passive participle The film was played back.
59 Finite and non-finite verbs
1 A finite verb phrase is one that can be the main verb of a sentence. A non-finite
verb phrase is an infinitive, gerund or participle.
Finite Non-finite
you leave kept disappearing
it is anxious to stop
someone will steal see the thief filmed
you are playing
the police were informed
NOTE
A form with ed can be finite or non-finite, depending on the context.
They filmed the thief. (past tense - finite)
They saw the thief filmed in the act. (participle -non-finite)
2 A finite verb phrase can come in a main clause or a sub clause.
The police took action.
We were pleased when the police took action.
A non-finite verb comes only in a sub clause.
We wanted the police to take action.
We approved of the police taking action.
We approved of the action taken by the police.
Sometimes there are two verb phrases together, a finite one and then a
non-finite one.
The police wanted to take action.
Things kept disappearing from the changing room.
For the to-infinitive and gerund in these patterns, • 121.
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60 The structure of the verb phrase
60 The structure of the verb phrase
1 In a finite verb phrase there are a number of choices.
Tense: Past or present? It showed or It shows
Modal: Modal or not? They could find or They found
Aspect: Perfect or not? It has gone or It goes
Continuous or not? It was happening or It happened
Voice: Passive or active? They were informed or He informed them
For meanings, • 61.
2 In the verb phrase there is always an ordinary verb. There may be one or more
auxiliaries in front of it.
Auxiliary verb(s) Ordinary verb
you leave valuable articles
the police arrived
someone will steal them
this has gone on too long
he was looking for his clothes
the police were informed
the camera should have worked
someone has been taking things
a man is being questioned by police
his clothes had been stolen
I must have been dreaming
If there is no auxiliary, the verb is in a simple tense: leave (present simple),
arrived (past simple).
Auxiliary verbs come in this order:
modal verb - have - be (continuous) - be (passive)
The auxiliary verb affects the form of the next word, whether the next word is
another auxiliary or an ordinary verb.
Modal verb + base form: will steal, should have worked
have + past participle: has gone, has been taking, have worked
be + active participle: was looking, has been taking
be + passive participle: were informed, had been stolen
The first word of the verb phrase is present or past, e.g. leave (present), arrived (past),
has (present), was (past). The exception is modal verbs, which do not usually have
a tense. Sometimes the first word agrees with the subject: you leave/he leaves. • 150
NOTE
a The perfect, the continuous and the passive do not usually all come in the same phrase. A
sentence like It might have been being played is possible but unusual.
b Be and have can be ordinary verbs. • 82
The money was in the changing room. The club has a chairman.
c An adverbial can come inside the verb phrase. • 208 (4)
Someone will probably steal them. A man is now being questioned.
d For the imperative, e.g. Play something for me, • 19.
For emphatic do + base form, e.g. You did play yesterday, • 51(2).
8 THE VERB PHRASE PAGE 78
3 The (first) auxiliary is important in negatives and questions. In negatives, the
auxiliary has not after it. • 17(2)
They haven't played the video.
In questions the auxiliary comes before the subject. • 23
Have they played the video?
In simple tenses, the auxiliary is do.
They didn't play the video. Did they play the video?
61 Meaning in the verb phrase
A NEW FLAT
Ian: How's your new flat?
Jason: Oh, it's okay, thanks. We've been there a month now, and I think we're
going to like it. We're decorating at the moment. You must come and see us
when we've finished.
Ian: Thanks. That'd be nice. You were lucky to find somewhere.
Jason: Yes, we were getting pretty desperate. We'd been looking for ages and
couldn't find anywhere. The flat wasn't advertised. We heard about it through
a friend. It's quite convenient too. We get the train to work.
Ian: What floor is the flat on?
Jason: Well, we live right at the top, but there are only four floors. If there was a
lift, it would be perfect.
1 Tense
The first word of a finite verb phrase is either present or past. Usually the tenses
mean present time and past time, 'now' and 'then'.
Present: I think we're going to like it.
We live right at the top.
Past: We heard about it through a friend.
We were getting pretty desperate.
NOTE
In some contexts the choice of present or past depends on the speaker's attitude.
Have you a moment? I want to ask you something.
Have you a moment? I wanted to ask you something.
Here the present tense is more direct. The past tense is more distant. It makes the request
more tentative and so more polite. For these tenses in conditional clauses, • 257(4c).
2 Modal verbs
With modal verbs we can express ideas such as actions being possible or
necessary.
We couldn't find anywhere. You must come and see us.
For the meaning of modal verbs, • 102.
3 The perfect
These verb phrases have perfect aspect.
We have just finished the decorating.
We have been there a month now.
We had been looking for ages.
The perfect means 'up to now' or 'up to then'. The decorating came to an end in
the period leading up to the present time.
We can sometimes choose the present perfect or the past simple, depending on
how we see the action. • 65
We've finished the decorating. (in the period up to now)
We finished the decorating. (in the past)
4 The continuous
These verb phrases are continuous (sometimes called 'progressive').
We are decorating at the moment.
We had been looking for ages.
We were getting pretty desperate.
The continuous means 'for a period of time'. We are in the middle of decorating;
the search for the flat went on for a period of time.
Sometimes the use of the continuous depends on how we see the action. We do
not use the continuous if we see the action as complete.
Period of time: We had been looking for ages.
Complete action: We had looked everywhere.
State verbs (e.g. know) are not normally continuous. • 62
For present continuous and simple, • 64.
5 The passive
We use the passive when the subject is not the agent but what the action is
directed at. • 103
The flat wasn't advertised.
In the conversation A new flat, Jason chooses a passive sentence here because the
flat is the best subject. It relates to what has gone before.
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