Marked Refers to an untypical use of something.
Marked word order in English refers to word order which is untypical; for
example, the word order
O
-
S
-
V
is marked:
O
S
V
That furniture we bought years ago, this lot is more recent.
(marked word order: that furniture is the theme, rather than we)
Marked word order is used to create various kinds of focus on particular
elements for a variety of purposes.
When a grammatical or semantic structure is distinguished by a contrast
between widespread, normal regional/social varieties of British English and
less widespread ones, it is referred to as regionally or socially marked (e.g. the
use of ain’t).
Marked stress refers to the use of extra force in pronunciation or in
intonation to make words or syllables sound louder or more emphatic.
Middle construction
Û
Pseudo-intransitive
Modal expression Refers to expressions that carry modal meanings apart from
the modal and semi-modal verbs. These include:
● verbs (e.g. allow, demand, hope, let, make, seem, want, wish):
She
seems to be quite clever for her age.
● grammaticalised modal phrases (e.g. be going to, be meant to, be obliged to, be
supposed to, had better
):
I thought I
had better warn you now.
● modal adjectives, adverbs and nouns (e.g. certain(ly), definite(ly), possible,
probability, supposedly
):
Would it be
possible for me to have a copy of the document?
Modality Refers to a speaker’s or a writer’s attitude towards, or point of view
about, a state of the world. It is centrally concerned with the expression of
certainty, volition, possibility and obligation. Core modal verbs (can, could,
may, might, will, shall, would, should, must
) and semi-modals (dare, need,
ought to, used to
) are the principal way in which modal meanings are
expressed.
Û
Core modal verb; Semi-modal verb
Modification A term used to refer to the structural dependence of one
grammatical unit on another in which the meaning of the head of a phrase is
affected by words that are used to indicate qualities and attributes of the head.
For example, in the noun phrase those big
boxes
in the garage, both
big and
in
the garage
modify boxes, performing premodification and postmodification,
respectively.
910 | Glossary
Cambridge Grammar of English
Mono-transitive Refers to verbs that require an object. In
I took
the last piece
of bread
, took
is a mono-transitive verb, with its direct object the last piece
of bread
. The direct object is typically a noun phrase, but it may also be a
clause, as in You always know
what I’m thinking
.
Û
Transitive verb
Mood A grammatical category relating to the speaker’s or writer’s attitude to
express a factual, non-factual or directive meaning through the verb. The
three moods distinguished are indicative (She enjoys her new job.),
imperative (Enjoy your meal!) and subjunctive (We insist that he enjoy the
meal first before making his speech.
).
Û
Imperative; Indicative; Subjunctive
Morpheme A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a word. Some words
consist of just one morpheme (help), some consist of several (unhelpful consists
of three morphemes: the base form help, the prefix un- and the suffix -ful).
Morphology Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words, and
includes the study of base forms, affixes, compounding, derivation, etc.
Multi-word verb A lexical verb which may be combined with one or two
particles to function as a verb with a unitary meaning. There are three kinds
of multi-word verb. Phrasal verbs have adverb particles (sit down, go away,
get off, give in
). Prepositional verbs take a preposition (go against, call on,
look after
), and phrasal-prepositional verbs take both an adverb and a
preposition (look forward to, look down on, catch up with, put up with).
Negation Refers to a grammatical construction with negative polarity. Negation
can be formed through affixes (unhealthy, irresponsible, non-existent, careless),
and through negative words like not, no, neither, never, no one, nobody, none:
George has
not been here recently.
A: Aren’t you ready yet?
B: No. Not yet.
Negation is contrasted with affirmative meanings which have positive polarity.
Nominal clause A clause type that fulfils a noun-like function (e.g. an object):
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
