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sources, 60,000 people were killed in this fighting. However, in June 841, he was sentenced to
death on charges of apostasy
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.
The Afshin dynasty was abolished in 893 and Ustrushana was included to the state of Samanids.
Ustrushana, as well as other Central Asian countries, has been a part of the Karakhanids,
Mongols, Timurids (1370-1506), Sheybanids (1500-1604) and other countries
33
.
Nowadays some books called Ustrushana as Istaravshan and it is interpreted as Uratepa town in
Sughd region of Tajikistan
34
. Zakhiriddin Muhammad Babur in his book ―Baburnoma‖ writes
about Uratepa: "Fergana, Khujand and Uratepa are the territory of Usrushna and it is also named
as Usrush
35
." Babur's work shows that the Ferghana, Khujand and Uratepa regions belong to the
Ustrushana region. The name Uratepa appears eighteen times in ―Baburnoma.‖ If at that time
Uratepa was called as Ustrushana, Babur would also call it as Ustrushana.
Istaravshan had been called as Uratepa until 2002. A. Mukhtorov wrote in his book ―Sketches of
the history of Ura-Tyube possessions in the XIX century‖: ―Ustrushana - one of the ancient
towns of Tajikistan. Archaeological data show that the town dates back to the VI century BC.
Ustrushana was a part of the historical and geographical region of Ustrushana in Central Asia
in the early Middle Ages (V-IX centuries)
36
.‖
However, such interpretation is inconsistent with what was said in the writings of a number of
medieval geographical scholars such as Ibn Hauqal, al-Istahri, al-Maqdisi, Ibn Hurdadbih, Ibn al-
Faqih, as-Samani, and Yaqut al-Hamawi. Arab geographical scholars prove the idea that
Ustrushana is a climate name like Sughd and is not a city of Ustrushana. Calling Uratepa the
Istaravshan is on its way. But this should not be the basis for replacing the Ustrushana region
with name of the city of Istaravshan. As noted above, Ustrushana was a large province near
Samarkand and below the Sayhun River.
According to written sources and archaeological researches, there were a lot of cities and villages
in the Ustrushana region, and its capital, Bunjikat, was a large craft and trade center. Currently,
armories, iron and copper items and tools, wooden tools, saddle and harness, and various other
handicraft products and goods imported from far abroad countries were exported abroad,
including the Eastern countries. It was also the residence of the governor of the province, in the
capital of Ustrushana, Bunjikat, and outside the city there were palaces, gardens, vineyards and
fields, surrounded by ditches. Bunjikat was located 6 farsakh from Samarkand and had a
population of twenty thousand men
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.
This city was widely covered by medieval Arabic sources, indicating the importance of the city
in its time
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. The famous geographer al-Istahri (died in 957) describes in his work ―Masalik al-
Mamalik‖ as follows: ―Bunjikat is a town where the governor of the province lives, the houses
are made of wood and mud. The city consists of the inner and outer city, and surrounded by
walls. The inner city has two gates. A large river flows through the inner city. There is also a
public mosque, markets and a mill. There are gardens, palaces and vineyards around the city's
circular wall. The four gates of the outer city are named after the Zomin Gate, the Mirosmanda
Gate, the Nujket Gate, and the Kahalboz Gate. In the outer city there are six streams, the head of
which begins at the river less than half a farsakh from the city. In the tenth century, Bunjikat had
a population of ten thousand men, both inside and outside the city, from which the river flowed.
In the outer city, there is a prison
40
.‖
ISSN: 2278-4853 Vol 9, Issue 6, June, 2020 Impact Factor: SJIF 2020 = 6.882
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