204
Notes
9. Ibn Tawus,
Faraj, I, pp. 46–7.
10. Ibn Tawus,
Faraj, I, pp. 147–8.
11. George Saliba,
A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories during the
Golden Age of Islam (New York: New York University Press, 1994), Pt. 1,
Chapter 2, p. 70.
12. Dimitri Gutas, ‘Certainty, Doubt, Error: Comments on Epistemological
Foundations of Medieval Arabic Science’,
Early Science and Medicine, 7
(2002), pp. 276–89 (278–9).
13.
The Qur’an, trans. Tarif Khalidi (London: Penguin Books, 2009), 72:26,
p. 483.
14.
The Qur’an, 7:131, p. 129.
15.
The Qur’an, 3:190, p. 60.
16.
The Qur’an, 56:75–8, p. 447.
17. Saliba,
A History of Arabic Astronomy, p. 55.
18. Abu Ma‘shar al-Balkhi,
Kitab al-madkhal al-kabir ila ‘ilm ahkam al-nujum
(
The Great Introduction), ed. Richard Lemay, 9 vols. (Naples: Instituto
Universitario Orientale, 1995–6), II, p. 2.
19. Oliver Leaman,
An Introduction to Medieval Islamic Philosophy (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 187.
20. George Saliba, ‘The Role of the Astrologer in Medieval Islamic Society’,
in
Magic and Divination in Early Islam, ed. Emilie Savage-Smith (Aldershot:
Ashgate Variorum, 2004), pp. 341–70 (341). Muslim Spain played a pivotal
role in the development of sciences and arts during the medieval period,
but it is in Baghdad that a kind of Islamic scientific renascence first sparked.
Scientific activity flourished in Spain in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
See A. I. Sabra,
Optics, Astronomy, and Logic: Studies in Arabic Science and
Philosophy (Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1994), I, p. 237.
21. Sabra,
Optics, Astronomy, and Logic, pp. 223–8; Saliba,
A History of Arabic
Astronomy, pp. 51–2; David Pingree, ‘Astrology’, in
The Cambridge History
of Arabic Learning: Religion, Learning, and Science in the ‘Abbasid Period, ed.
M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham and R. B. Serjeant (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1990), pp. 290–9 (290); Charles Burnett, ‘The Certitude of
Astrology: The Scientific Methodology of al-Qabisi and Abu Ma‘shar’,
Early
Science and Medicine, 7 (2002), pp. 198–213 (201).
22. C. A. Qadir,
Philosophy and Science in the Islamic World (London: Croom
Helm, 1998), p. 35.
23. Qadir,
Philosophy and Science, p. 33.
24. Sabra,
Optics, Astronomy, and Logics, p. 237.
25. Bernd Radtke, ‘The Attitude of Islamic Theology and Philosophy to
Astrology’,
Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies, 8 (2004), pp. 1–11 (6).
26. Gutas, ‘Certainty, Doubt, and Error’, pp. 278–9.
27. Abu Ma‘shar,
Al-Madkhal, II, p. 3.
28. Abu Ma‘shar,
Al-Madkhal, II, p. 7.
29. Abu Ma‘shar,
Al-Madkhal, II, p. 12.
30. Abu Ma‘shar,
Al-Madkhal, II, p. 3, p. 5; Peter Adamson, ‘Abu Ma‘shar, al-
Kindi, and the Philosophical Defense of Astrology’,
Recherches de philosophie
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