Lesson: 9
European mathematics
From the 4th to 12th Centuries, European knowledge and study of arithmetic,
geometry, astronomy and music was limited mainly to Boethius’ translations of
some of the works of ancient Greek masters such as Nicomachus and
Euclid
. All
trade and calculation was made using the clumsy and inefficient
Roman
numeral
system, and with an abacus based on
Greek
and
Roman
models.
By the 12th Century, though, Europe, and particularly Italy, was beginning to trade
with the East, and Eastern knowledge gradually began to spread to the West. Robert
of Chester translated
Al-Khwarizmi
‘s important book on algebra into Latin in the
12th Century, and the complete text of
Euclid
‘s “Elements” was translated in various
versions by Adelard of Bath, Herman of Carinthia and Gerard of Cremona. The great
expansion of trade and commerce in general created a growing practical need for
mathematics, and arithmetic entered much more into the lives of common people
and was no longer limited to the academic realm.
The advent of the printing press in the mid-15th Century also had a huge impact.
Numerous books on arithmetic were published for the purpose of teaching business
people computational methods for their commercial needs and mathematics
gradually began to acquire a more important position in education.
Europe’s first great medieval mathematician was the Italian
Leonardo of Pisa
, better
known by his nickname
Fibonacci
. Although best known for the so-called Fibonacci
Sequence of numbers, perhaps his most important contribution to European
mathematics was his role in spreading the use of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system
throughout Europe early in the 13th Century, which soon made the
Roman
numeral
system obsolete, and opened the way for great advances in European mathematics.
An important (but largely unknown and underrated) mathematician and scholar of
the 14th Century was the Frenchman Nicole Oresme. He used a system of
rectangular
coordinates
centuries
before
his
countryman
René
Descartes
popularized the idea, as well as perhaps the first time-speed-distance
graph. Also, leading from his research into musicology, he was the first to use
fractional exponents, and also worked on infinite series, being the first to prove that
the harmonic series 1⁄1 + 1⁄2 + 1⁄3 + 1⁄4 + 1⁄5… is a divergent infinite series (i.e. not
tending to a limit, other than infinity).
The German scholar Regiomontatus was perhaps the most capable mathematician
of the 15th Century, his main contribution to mathematics being in the area of
trigonometry. He helped separate trigonometry from astronomy, and it was largely
through his efforts that trigonometry came to be considered an independent branch
of mathematics. His book “De Triangulis“, in which he described much of the basic
trigonometric knowledge which is now taught in high school and college, was the
first great book on trigonometry to appear in print.
Mention should also be made of Nicholas of Cusa (or Nicolaus Cusanus), a 15th
Century German philosopher, mathematician and astronomer, whose prescient ideas
on the infinite and the infinitesimal directly influenced later mathematicians
like
Gottfried Leibniz
and
Georg Cantor
. He also held some distinctly non-standard
intuitive ideas about the universe and the Earth’s position in it, and about the
elliptical orbits of the planets and relative motion, which foreshadowed the later
discoveries of Copernicus and Kepler.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: