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word underestimates -ate is a lexical suffix, because it is used to
derive the verb estimate (v) from the noun esteem (n), and –s is a
grammatical suffix making the 3rd person, singular form of the
verb to underestimate. Grammatical suffixes are also called
inflexions (inflections, inflectional endings).
Grammatical suffixes in English have certain peculiarities,
which make them different from inflections in other languages:
since they are the remnants of the old inflectional system, there
are few (only six) remaining word-changing suffixes in English:
-(e)s, -ed, -ing, -er, -est, -en; most of them are homonymous,
e.g.:
-(e)s is used to form the plural of the noun (dogs), the genitive of
the noun (my friend‘s), and the 3rd person singular of the verb
(works); some of them have lost their inflectional properties and
can be attached to units larger than the word,
e.g.: his daughter
Mary‟s arrival. That is why the term ―inflection‖ is seldom used
to denote the grammatical components of words in English.
Grammatical
suffixes
form
word-changing,
or
morphological paradigms of words, which can be observed to
their full extent in inflectional langua ges, such as Russian,
e.g.:
стол – стола – столу – столом - о столе; morphological
paradigms exist,
though not on the same scale, in English too, e.g.,
the number paradigm of the noun: boy – boys.
Lexical affixes are primarily studied by lexicology with
regard to the meaning which they contribute to the general
meaning of the whole word. In grammar word-building suffixes
are studied as the formal marks of the words belonging to
different parts of speech; they form lexical (word-building,
derivational) paradigms of words united
by a common root,
e.g.:
to decide – decision – decisive – decisively
to incise – incision – incisive – incisively
Being the formal marks of words of different parts of
speech, word-building suffixes are also grammatically relevant.
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But grammar study is primarily concerned with grammatical,
word-changing, or functional affixes, because they change the
word according to its grammatical categories.
Summing up what has been said above, we may point out
some of the properties of the morpheme and the word which are
fundamental from the point of view of their systemic status and
therefore require detailed investigations and descriptions.
The morpheme is a meaningful segmental component of
the word; the morpheme is formed by phonemes; as a meaningful
component of the word it is elementary (i.e. indivisible into
smaller segments as regards its significative function).
The word is a nominative unit of language; it is formed by
morphemes; it enters the lexicon of language as its elementary
component (i.e. a component indivisible into smaller segments as
regards its nominative function); together with other nominative
units the word is used for the formation of the sentence – a unit of
information in the communication process.
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