O`zbekiston respublikasi oliy vao‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi qarshi davlat universiteti

 
Bathos (Anticlimax)
comes from a Greek word 
bathos
which means ‘depth’.
Climax suddenly interrupted by an unexpected turn of the thought which defeats 
expectations of the reader (listener) and ends in complete semantic reversal of the 
emphasized idea, is called bathos (anticlimax).To stress the abruptness of the change 
emphatic punctuation (dash, most often) is used between the ascending and the descending 
parts of the anticlimax. Quite a few paradoxes are closely connected with anticlimax. 
“Women have a wonderful instinct about things. They can discover everything 
except the obvious.”
(Oscar Wilde)
 
“This was appalling - and soon forgotten.”
(John Galsworthy) 
Functions of Bathos. Bathos is a device, which if used skillfully, can really build up 
a nice comic scene. Bathos brings a certain degree of wit to a scene by highlighting the 
contrast in tone. Initially, it is used to create a serious and powerful dramatic situation, but 
suddenly the serious becomes comic. In this way the utterance becomes more emphatic.
Key words: 
Simile, Periphrasis, Euphemism, Antithesis, Litotes, Climax, Anticlimax. 
Questions: 
1.
What are the peculiarities of semantic-syntactical SDs? 
2.
What is simile?
3.
What is stylistic periphrasis?
4.
What is the main feature of antithesis?
5.
What is litotes?
6.
What are the ways of increasing the significance?
Speak on logical, emotional and quantitative gradation. 
7.
What in anticlimax? Give examples.
 
 
Lecture 5 
Functional Styles of the English Language
Plan:
1.
Official Style.
2.
Scientific Prose Style.
3.
Publicist Style. 
4.
Newspaper Style. 
5.
Belles-lettres Style. 
Stylistic features relate to constraints on language use that may be only temporary 
features of our spoken or written language. We often adopt different group uses of 
language as we go through our day; we may use a different style speaking with our children 
in the family, reporting to our boss at work or practicing sports. We change our speaking 
or writing style to make a particular effect: imitating somebody's accent when telling a 

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story, giving a humorous account of events in an informal letter and so on. Style is first 
and foremost the result of our choice of content of our message and the appropriate range 
of language means to deliver the message effectively. The study of style has broad 
boundaries such as investigation of spoken and written discourse. A number of scholars 
investigated functional styles and their ideas about classifications of functional styles 
differ. Here we bring the definition of the term functional style and classification offered 
by I.R.Galperin, as he concentrates on written form of the language.
The term functional style is defined by I.R.Galperin in the following way: 
“A functional style is a patterned variety of literary text characterized by the greater or 
lesser typification of its constituents, supra-phrasal units, in which the choice and 
arrangement of interdependent and interwoven language media are calculated to secure the 
purport of the communication.”
All scholars agree that a well developed language, such as English, is streamed into 
several functional styles. Their classifications, though, coincide only partially: most style 
theoreticians do not argu e about the number of functional styles being five, but disagree 
about their nomenclature. The following functional styles are singled out: 
1. 
scientific style is 
found in articles, brochures, monographs and other scientific and 
academic publications. 
2. 
 official style is 
represented in all kinds of official documents and papers. 
3. 
publicist style, 
covering such genres as essay, feature article, most writings of “new 
journalism”, public speeches, etc.; 
4. 
newspaper style, 
observed in the majority of information materials printed in 
newspapers; 
5. 
belles-lettres style, 
embracing numerous and versatile genres of imaginative writing.