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sustained or prolonged.  “Our family joined other streams



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sustained
or prolonged.
 “Our family joined other streams and the stream was a river pouring into St. 
Thomas Church.”(
John Steinbeck)
 
When likeness (affinity) is observed between inanimate objects and human qualities, 
we have the cases of 
personification
:
 
“Slowly, silently, now the moon 
Walks the night in her silvery shoon, 
This way and that she peers and sees  
Silver fruit upon silver trees.” 
(Walter de la Mare) 
Function of metaphor. Using appropriate metaphors appeals directly to the senses of 
listeners or readers, sharpening their imaginations to comprehend what is being 
communicated to them. Moreover, it gives a life-like quality to our conversations and to 
the characters of the fiction or poetry. Metaphors are also ways of thinking, offering the 
listener’s and the reader’s fresh ways of examining ideas and viewing the world. 
 Metonymy 
comes from the Greek word
metonymia
which means ‘a change of 
name’. In metonymy the term for one thing is applied to another with which it has become 
closely associated.
Metonymy is based on a different types of relations between the dictionary and 
contextual meanings, a relation is based on association connecting the two concepts and
these meanings represent proximity.
 
The 
proximity (contiguity)
may be revealed: 
1.
In the relations between the instrument and the action performed with this instrument. 
1. “His pen is rather sharp
.” 
2. “
The pen is mightier than the sword.
” 
2.
which In the relation between the container and the thing it contains. 
1.

He drankone more cup.”
2. “The hall applauded.”
3.
In the relation where the concrete is put for the abstract. As in the example the word 
power
is replaced by 
camp, pulpit.
“The camp, the pulpit and the law 
For rich men’s sons are free”
(Percy Bysshe Shelley) 
4.
In the relation where the material instead of the thing made of it.
 
1.“
The marble spoke.” 


19 

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