O‘zbekiston davlat jahon tillari universiteti

Consecutive Translation and its peculiarities

The types of Grammar transformations (For Uzbek groups)
Grammar transformations are morphological or syntactical changes in translated units. They are subdivided into the following types:
Grammar substitution: Martin Heidegger is generally regarded as one of the most influential founders of existentialism. –Одатда Мартин Хайдегерни экзистенциализмни энг муҳим асосчилардан биридир. Her hair is fair and wavy. –Унинг сочининг ранги оч ва жингалак. This transformation is due to the structural difference between the English and Uzbek languages: in English the analyzed noun is singular, in Uzbek it is used in the plural.
The parts of speech, along with the parts of the sentence, can be altered : He is a poor swimmer. –У яхши сузишни билмайди- where the noun is substituted by the verb, the adjective by the adverb; simultaneously the predicative is substituted by the simple verb predicate. The reason for this transformation can be accounted for by language usage preferences: English prone to the nominal expression of the state, Russian and Uzbek can denote the general state by means of the verb.
Word order change. Usually the reason for this transformation is that English and Uzbek sentences have different information structures, or functional sentence perspective. For example, A new press conference was held in Washington yesterday is naturally equivalent to Кеча Вашингтонда янги конференция бўлиб ўтди- where the adverbial modifiers, subject and predicate are positioned in a mirror like fashion.
Sentence fragmentation is the replacement of a simple sentence in the source text with a complex sentence (with some clauses), or a complex sentence with several independent sentences in the target text for structural, semantic or stylistic reasons: I want you to undestand this transformation. –Машинамни ўт олдира олмадим, шунинг учун сизни олиб кетишга боролмадим.– My car wouldn’t start. Therefore, I couldn’t pick you up.
Sentence integration is a opposite transformation. It takes place when we make one sentence out of two or more, or change a complex sentence into a simple one: If one knows languages, one can come out on top. –Тилларни яхши билган одам узоққа боради. In ancient Rome, garlic was believed to make people courageous. Roman soldiers, therefore, ate large quantities of it before a battle. –Айтишларча, қадимги Римда саримсоқ пиёз еса қуввват бағишларкан, шунинг учун Римлик аскарлар жанг олди кўп саримсоқ пиёзни истеъмол қилган эканлар.