55 Weak forms and short forms
2 Full forms and short forms
a In informal writing, some words have a short form.
Fit a gas wall heater and you'll stop shivering. It'll warm up your bedroom so
quickly you won't need a towel. It fits snugly and safely on the wall. And, because
it's gas, it's easy to control and very economical.
(from an advertisement)
Full form: It is easy to control.
Short form: It's easy to control.
In the short form, we miss out part of a word and use an apostrophe instead. We
do not leave a space before the apostrophe.
The short form corresponds to the spoken weak form: /itz/ instead of /it iz/. We
use short forms in informal writing such as a letter to a friend. They can also be
used in direct speech - in a filmscript or play, for example, when speech is written
down. Full forms are used in more formal writing.
NOTE
We cannot use a short form when the word is stressed. NOT Yes, it's as a short answer. But we
can use unstressed
n't in a short answer, e.g. Wo,
it isn't.
b In short forms we use 'm (= am), 're (= are), 's (= is/has), 've (= have), 'd (= had/would)
and n't (= not) in combination with other words. These are the main short forms.
Pronoun + auxiliary verb
I'm you're we're they're he's she's it's; I've you've we've they've
I'd you'd he'd she'd we'd they'd; I'll you'll he'll she'll it'll we'll they'll
Here/There/That + auxiliary verb
here's there's there'll there'd that's
Question word + auxiliary verb
who's who'll who'd; what's what'll; where's; when's; how's
Auxiliary verb + not
aren't isn't wasn't weren't; haven't hasn't hadn't
don't doesn't didn't
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won't
wouldn't shan't
shouldn't
needn't
couldn't mightn't mustn't
oughtn't daren't
can't
A short form can also be with a noun, although this is less common than with a
pronoun.
The bathroom's cold. This heater'll soon warm it up.
NOTE
a The short form
's can mean
is or
has.
It's a big house. It's got five bedrooms. (= It
is ... It
has ...)
The short form 'd can mean had or would.
If you'd asked, you'd have found out. (= If you
had asked, you
would have found out.)
b Sometimes we can shorten a form with not in two different ways. The meaning is the same.
It is not... = It isn't... / It's not...
You will not ... = You won't .../ You'll not...
But I am not has only the one short form I'm not.
c In non-standard English there is a short form ain't (= am not/is not/are not/has not/have
not).
That ain't right. (= That isn't right.)
7 SPOKEN ENGLISH AND WRITTEN ENGLISH PAGE70
56 Punctuation
1 The sentence
A sentence ends with a full stop, a question mark or an exclamation mark.
Punctuation Example
STATEMENT Full stop We've got the best bargains.
IMPERATIVE Full stop Send for our brochure today.
QUESTION Question mark Have you booked a holiday?
EXCLAMATION Exclamation mark What a bargain!
NOTE
a If a question has no inversion, then we still use a question mark.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: