101 The verb dare
Dare can be either a modal verb or an ordinary verb. It means 'not to be afraid to
do something'. We use it in negatives, questions and similar contexts, but not
usually to say that an action really happened.
I daren't look/don't dare (to) look at the bill.
Dare you say/Do you dare (to) say what you're thinking?
The police didn't dare (to) approach the building.
I don't expect many people dare (to) walk along here at night.
12 MODAL VERBS
NOTE
a Americans mostly use the patterns with to.
b We use How dare... ?for an angry protest.
How dare you speak to me like that?
c I dare say means 'probably'.
I dare say you'll feel better tomorrow.
102 Overview: the use of modal verbs
Deciding/Allowing/Telling Prediction/Possibility
will
Deciding • 71 (4) Prediction (future) • 71 (3)
I'll have coffee. Tom will be at home tomorrow.
Willingness • 71(5) Prediction (present) • 95
I'll help you. Tom will be at home now.
Will you help me? Prediction (habit) • 100(1)
Formal order • 71 (9) Tom will always arrive late.
All pupils will attend.
shall
Asking what to do • 71(7) Prediction (future) •71(2)
What shall I do? I/We shall be away next week.
Shall I help you?
Promise •71(8)
You shall have the money.
Formal rule • 71(9)
A game shall last one hour.
would
Request • 99(2) Prediction (unreal) • 99(1)
Would you help me? A holiday would be great.
Willingness (past) • 80(2) Prediction (past) • 80(2)
The baby wouldn't go to sleep. The result would surprise us all.
Prediction (past habit) • 100(1)
Tom would always arrive late.
must
Necessity • 92 Logical necessity • 95
You must be careful. You must be tired.
needn't
No necessity • 92(3)
You needn't hurry.
mustn't
Necessity not to do something.
• 92(4)
You mustn't forget.
PAGE 128
PAGE 129 102 Overview: the use of modal verbs
should
Obligation/Advice • 93 Probability • 96
You should work hard. It should be fine tomorrow.
(In some sub clauses)
If the phone should ring, don't
answer it. • 258
It is vital we should meet. • 242(2)
ought to
Obligation/Advice • 93 Probability • 96
You ought to work hard. It ought to be fine tomorrow.
may
Permission • 94 Possibility • 97
You may go now. The plan may go wrong.
May I ask a question? We may move house.
might
Request/Order • 97(1d) Possibility • 97
You might help me. The plan might go wrong.
We might move house.
can
Permission • 94 General possibility • 97(2e)
You can go now. Maths can be fun.
Can I ask a question? Impossibility • 95
Request • 97 (2b) The story can't be true.
Can you help me? Ability • 98
Offer • 97 (2b) I can play the piano.
Can I help you? Opportunity • 98
Suggestion • 97(2a) We can watch TV in the evenings.
We can meet later.
could
Permission (past) • 94(3) Possibility • 97
You could park here years ago. The plan could go wrong.
Asking permission • 94(2) It's perfect. It couldn't go wrong.
Could I ask a question? Ability (past) • 98
Request • 97 (2b) I could play the piano when I was
Could you help me? five.
Suggestion • 97 (2a) Ability (unreal) • 98 (3e)
We could meet later. I could take better photos if I had
a better camera.
dare • 101
I didn't dare climb up.
PAGE 130
13
The passive
103 Summary
The use of the passive • 104
Compare the active and passive sentences.
Active: The secretary typed the report.
Passive: The report was typed (by the secretary).
When the person doing the action (the secretary) is the subject, we use an active
verb. When the subject is what the action is directed at (the report), then we use a
passive verb. We can choose to talk about the secretary and what he/she did, or
about the report and what happened to it. This choice depends on what is old or
new information in the context. Old information usually comes at the beginning of
the sentence, and new information at the end.
In a passive sentence the agent can be the new and important information (...by
the secretary.), or we can leave it out if it does not add any information. We say The
report was typed because the fact that the typing is complete is more important
than the identity of the typist.
The passive is often used in an official, impersonal style.
Form
A passive verb has a form of be and a passive participle.
Tenses and aspects in the passive • 105
The letter was posted yesterday.
Modal verbs in the passive • 106
All tickets must be shown.
The passive with get • 1 0 7
Sometimes we use get instead of be.
The letter got lost in the post.
Special patterns
The passive with verbs of giving • 108
The pupils were all given certificates.
104 The use of the passive
The passive with verbs of reporting • 109
It is said that the company is bankrupt.
The company is said to be bankrupt.
Passive + to-infinitive or active participle • 110
You were warned to take care.
A lot of time was spent arguing.
Patterns with have and get • 111
We use have/get something done for professional services.
I had/got the photos developed.
The passive to-infinitive and gerund • 112
We don't want to be refused entry.
I hate being photographed.
Active forms with a passive meaning • 113
The sheets need washing.
I've got some shopping to do.
The oven cleans easily.
OVERVIEW:
active and passive verb forms • 114
104 The use of the passive
1 The topic
Here are two paragraphs. One is about the scientist J.J. Thomson, and the other is
about the electron.
THOMSON, SIR JOSEPH JOHN ELECTRON
(1846-1940)
British physicist and mathematician A subatomic particle and one of the
and head of a group of researchers at basic constituents of matter. The
the Cavendish Laboratory in electron was discovered by J.J.
Cambridge. Thomson discovered the Thomson. It is found in all atoms
electron. He is regarded as the and contains the smallest known
founder of modern physics. negative electrical charge.
Compare these two sentences, one from each paragraph.
Thomson discovered the electron. The electron was discovered by
Thomson.
The sentences have the same meaning, but they have different topics: they are
about different things. The topic of the first sentence is Thomson, and the topic of
the second is the electron. The topic is the starting-point of the sentence and is
usually the subject.
13 THE PASSIVE PAGE 132
When the subject is the agent (the person or thing doing the action), then the verb
is active (discovered). When the subject is not the agent, then the verb is passive
(was discovered). The choice between active and passive is really about whether
the subject is the agent or not, whether we are talking about someone (Thomson)
doing something, or about something (the electron) that the action is directed at.
Note that the electron is object of the active sentence and subject of the passive
sentence.
NOTE
a Usually the agent is a person and the action is directed at a thing. But this is not always so.
Lightning struck a golfer. A golfer was struck by lightning.
Here the agent is lightning and the action is directed at a golfer. The agent can also be an
abstract idea.
Ambition drove the athletes to train hard. The athletes were driven by ambition.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |