must go now. We can park here.
There are some expressions with have and be which have similar meanings to the
modal verbs.
I have to go now. We're allowed to park here.
These expressions can have other forms such as a past tense or a to-infinitive.
I had to hurry to get here. We asked to be allowed to go.
Modal verbs express meanings such as necessity and possibility. We can use
modal verbs to tell or allow people to do things; or we can use them to say how
certain or uncertain we are.
Necessity: must, have (got) to, needn't and mustn't • 92
I must go to the bank.
Obligation and advice: should, ought to etc • 93
You should answer the letter.
Permission: can, could, may, might and be allowed to • 94
We can leave our luggage at the hotel.
Certainty: will, must and can't
Mandy will be in London now.
Probability: should and ought to • 96
The rain should stop soon.
Possibility: may, might, can and could • 97
The keys may be in my coat pocket.
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12 MODAL VERBS PAGE 114
Ability: can, could and be able to • 98
Most people can swim.
Unreal situations: would • 99
Six weeks' holiday would be nice.
Habits: will, would and used to • 100
People will leave litter everywhere.
The verb dare • 101
I daren't go up on the roof.
OVERVIEW:
the use of modal verbs • 102
91 Introduction to modal verbs
1 A modal verb is always the first word in the verb phrase. It always has the same
form and never has an ending such as 5, ingot ed. After a modal verb we put a bare
infinitive.
It will be windy. You should look after your money.
A modal does not have a to-infinitive after it (except ought).
You must
give me your honest opinion.
NOTE
a Some modal verbs have a spoken weak form. • 5 5 ( 1 )
b We can stress a modal if we want to put emphasis on its meaning.
You really must
be quiet. (It is very necessary.)
You 'may be right. (It is not certain.)
c Will and would have the written short forms 'll and 'd.
2 Like the other auxiliary verbs (be, have and do), modal verbs are important in
negatives, questions, tags and so on. A modal verb can have not after it, and it
comes before the subject in questions.
Your desk shouldn't be untidy.
How should I organize my work?
. You should take notes, shouldn't you? ~ I suppose I should.
We do not use do with a modal. NOT HOW do I should organize my work?
3 A modal verb does not usually have a tense. It can refer to the present or the future.
Present: We must know now. The letter might be in my bag.
Future: We must know soon. The letter might arrive tomorrow.
For the past we use had to, was able to etc, or we use a modal verb + have.
Past: We had to know then. The letter might have arrived yesterday.
But in some contexts could, would, should and might are past forms of can, will,
shall and may.
I can't remember the formula. (present)
I couldn't remember the formula. (past)
We may have problems. (direct speech)
We thought we might have problems. (indirect speech)
PAGE 115 9 2 N e c e s s i t y
4 A modal verb can go with the perfect, the continuous or the passive.
Perfect: I may have shown you this before.
Continuous: They may be showing the film on television.
Passive: We may be shown the results later.
Perfect + continuous: You must have been dreaming.
Perfect + passive: The car must have been stolen.
5 There are some expressions with have and be which have very similar meanings to
the modal verbs.
a The main expressions are have to, be able to, be allowed to and be going to.
You have to fill in this form. I was able to cancel the order.
There are some important differences in the use of modal verbs and these
expressions, e.g. must and have to, • 92; can/may and be allowed to, • 94; and
could and was able to, • 98. For will and be going to, • 74; and for be to, • 76.
b We can use have to, be able to, etc to talk about the past.
We had to do a test yesterday. NOT We must do a test yesterday.
We can also use them in the infinitive and ing-form.
I want to be allowed to take part. NOT to may take part
Being able to see properly is important. NOT canning to see
A modal verb does not have an infinitive or ing-form.
c We sometimes put a modal verb in front of have to, be able to etc, or we use two
such expressions together.
You will have to hurry. I might be able to do a little revision.
We ought to be allowed to decide for ourselves.
People used to have to wash clothes by hand.
You aren't going to be able to finish it in time.
But we cannot use two modals together. NOT You will must hurry.
6 Some nouns, adjectives and adverbs and ordinary verbs have similar meanings to
modal verbs.
There's no chance of everything being ready on time.
It's essential/vital you keep me informed.
They'll probably give us our money back. • 214
The passengers managed to scramble to safety. • 98(3a)
92 Necessity: must, have (got) to, needn't and
mustn't
1 Must and have to
a This is a rule in a British Rail leaflet about a Young Person's Railcard.
You must buy your ticket before starting your journey, unless you join the train at
a station where ticket purchase facilities are not available.
Now look at this conversation.
Abigail: There isn't much time to spare. You'd better buy your ticket on the train.
Phil: I can't do that. I want to use this railcard. I have to buy the ticket before
I get on.
12 MODAL VERBS PAGE l16
When we talk about necessity in the present or the near future, we can use either
must or have (got) to. But there is a difference in meaning. We normally use must
when the speaker feels the necessity and have to when the necessity is outside the
speaker.
You must buy your ticket before starting your journey.
I have to buy the ticket before I get on the train.
The leaflet uses must because the rule is made by British Rail, and they are the
authority. Phil uses have to because the rule is not his, and the necessity results
from the situation.
You must... is a way of ordering someone to do something. You have to... is a way
of telling them what is necessary in the situation.
You must fill in a form. (I'm telling you.)
You have to fill in a form. (That's the rule.)
I must go on a diet. I'm getting overweight.
I have to go on a diet. The doctor has told me to.
NOTE
a Compare the meaning of must and have to in questions.
Must I write these letters now? (= Do you insist that I write them?)
Do I have to write these letters now? (= Is it necessary for me to write them?)
b We can also use be to for an order by a person in authority. • 76(2)
The doctor says I'm to go on a diet.
But have to is much more common than be to.
c Be obliged to and be required to also express necessity. Both expressions are rather formal.
You are obliged to/are required to sign a declaration.
b We sometimes use must "for things we think are necessary because they are so
enjoyable.
You really must watch this new Canadian soap opera.
We must have lunch together.
c Must has no past tense, no perfect or continuous form and no infinitive or
ing-form. We use have to instead.
I had to pay £15 for this railcard last week.
We've had to make a few changes.
I'm having to spend a lot of time travelling.
I wasn't expecting to have to look after the children.
It's no fun having to stand the whole journey.
You will have to pay the full standard single fare.
2 Have to and have got to
a Both have to and have got to express the same meaning: necessity which is outside
the speaker.
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